Broadband in the Labor Market: The Impact of Residential High Speed Internet on Married Women's Labor Force Participation

Lisa J. Dettling

Figure 1 Data

Year (Panel A)	No Children (Panel A)	Children (Panel A)	No Children (Panel B)	Children (Panel B)
1980	0.8058767	0.6200662	0.6022167	0.5304596
1981	0.8064887	0.6236643	0.6103815	0.5474365
1982	0.8086448	0.647099	0.6125575	0.5509192
1983	0.7931067	0.6693943	0.6159422	0.555647
1984	0.8082981	0.6904875	0.6235705	0.5688469
1985	0.831421	0.6919531	0.6391878	0.5910151
1986	0.8331401	0.6961229	0.6425481	0.5970626
1987	0.8444003	0.7274213	0.6454375	0.6200805
1988	0.8346643	0.7291777	0.6580355	0.6337992
1989	0.8461486	0.7257633	0.672391	0.6400616
1990	0.8536338	0.7339547	0.6772621	0.6461735
1991	0.8445997	0.7485752	0.6855132	0.6475257
1992	0.8574742	0.7478499	0.6969109	0.660331
1993	0.8714097	0.7438139	0.6984335	0.656786
1994	0.8625836	0.7705231	0.7109824	0.6668962
1995	0.8561875	0.7716268	0.7059783	0.6790227
1996	0.8642263	0.768356	0.7033238	0.6773871
1997	0.857996	0.7709863	0.7164124	0.6902924
1998	0.843496	0.7702983	0.7180532	0.6847667
1999	0.8502688	0.7702433	0.7228811	0.6752556
2000	0.8492783	0.760811	0.7166924	0.6865066
2001	0.8411116	0.7398674	0.7123111	0.6909021
2002	0.8443966	0.7422645	0.708506	0.6778521
2003	0.8440744	0.7321988	0.7254881	0.6751925
2004	0.8263782	0.7306377	0.70921	0.6616096
2005	0.827292	0.7425389	0.6995785	0.6520967
2006	0.8430834	0.7493177	0.7107764	0.6511615
2007	0.8406436	0.737828	0.7028046	0.6709073
2008	0.8412893	0.7611917	0.7102256	0.6592549
2009	0.8388046	0.7607024	0.7108297	0.6634575
2010	0.8298236	0.7586358	0.7222472	0.66194
2011	0.8279412	0.7617821	0.6991157	0.6478796
2012	0.8189871	0.755863	0.6865121	0.6406606

Return to Figure 1

Figure 2 Data

Year (Panel A)	Email (Panel A)	Work (Panel A)	Job Search (Panel A)	Shop (Panel A)	Bank (Panel A)	Just for Fun (Panel A)	Email (Panel B)	Work (Panel B)	Job Search (Panel B)	Shop (Panel B)	Bank (Panel B)	Just for Fun (Panel B)
2000	92	49.6	63	47.6	38	17.5	47.6	15.2	19.2	3.6	5	4.5
2001	93.6	50.4	63	55.4			50.2	16.6	20	3.8
2002	93.42857	49.75	65	59.33333	47	31	49.85714	16.75	22	3.833333	4	8.5
2003	91.75		67	61	43	34	49.66667		23	5	7	9
2004	92.33334	51	66	66	42	44	48	19	21	4.5	4	11
2005	90.8	50.66667	66	67	44	42.66667	52	20	30		7	13.66667
2006	90.66666		62	71	46		53		28	6	5
2007	91	51		68.5		53	57.33333	23		6.5		21
2008	90.66666				47	55	58				6	19
2009	89.66666		72	75	52	57	56.66667		38	8	9	24
2010	93					58	60.5					26

Return to Figure 2

Figure 4 Data (a) MDU Rates and Internet Access Rates

Year (Panel A)	Line (Panel A)	Upper Bound (Panel A)	Lower Bound (Panel A)
2000	0.3177619	0.4232107	0.2123131
2001	0.2248723	0.2573098	0.1924348
2002	0.1221009	0.1489589	0.0952428
2003	0.0546807	0.0592831	0.0500784
2004	0.0059083	0.0076484	0.0041682
2005	0.0183333	0.0188897	0.0177769
2006	-0.0064112	-0.0062618	-0.0065606
2007	-0.0072167	-0.0070639	-0.0073695
2008	-0.0070552	-0.0069458	-0.0071646

Return to Figure 4a

Figure 4 Data (b) First Stage Coefficients on MDU_s * θ_t

Year (Panel B)	Line (Panel B)	Upper Bound (Panel B)	Lower Bound (Panel B)
2000	0.7312745	0.7464705	0.7160786
2001	0.7126765	0.7315933	0.6937596
2003	0.758955	0.7822982	0.7356118
2007	0.2495863	0.2627757	0.2363969
2009	0	0	0

Return to Figure 4b

Figure 5 Data (a) 1990-1997

Year (Panel A)	Line (Panel A)	Lower Bound (Panel A)	Upper Bound (Panel A)
1990	0.0716596	-0.0374017	0.1807208
1991	0.0494432	-0.0697248	0.1686112
1992	-0.0147651	-0.1428225	0.1132922
1993	0.0710455	-0.0567289	0.1988198
1994	-0.0549824	-0.1822619	0.072297
1995	-0.0777209	-0.223535	0.0680932
1996	-0.0264768	-0.1642442	0.1112905

Return to Figure 5a

Figure 5 Data (b) 2000-2009

Year (Panel B)	Line (Panel B)	Lower Bound (Panel B)	Upper Bound (Panel B)
2000	0.1742532	-0.0236685	0.3721749
2001	0.0771153	-0.044113	0.1983437
2003	0.1588321	0.0279325	0.2897317
2007	0.0921712	-0.0481686	0.2325109

Return to Figure 5b

Figure 6 Data

P(z) Propensity Score	MTE(Panel A)	Lower Bound(Panel A)	Upper Bound(Panel A)	IV Weight(Panel B)	Population Weight (Panel C)
0.05	-0.143989	-0.3142724	0.0262944	0.0005294	0.1589876
0.1	-0.1318988	-0.2471646	-0.016633	-0.001502	0.1175008
0.15	-0.1199246	-0.2348392	-0.00501	-0.0076663	0.0887264
0.2	-0.1071624	-0.2473125	0.0329877	-0.0109409	0.0672756
0.25	-0.092708	-0.2586994	0.0732834	0.0529279	0.0523578
0.3	-0.0756576	-0.261926	0.1106108	0.0464773	0.0415492
0.35	-0.0551072	-0.2566701	0.1464557	0.0483797	0.0314688
0.4	-0.0301527	-0.2445653	0.1842599	0.0481613	0.0302933
0.45	0.0001099	-0.2278334	0.2280532	0.0460158	0.0277133
0.5	0.0365846	-0.2088047	0.2819739	0.0992708	0.0264234
0.55	0.0801753	-0.1897395	0.3500901	0.0982832	0.0203273
0.6	0.131786	-0.1728365	0.4364085	0.0920703	0.0229072
0.65	0.1923209	-0.1603568	0.5449986	0.1202629	0.0263089
0.7	0.2626838	-0.1547514	0.680119	0.1084763	0.032301
0.75	0.3437788	-0.1586963	0.8462539	0.0936944	0.0422774
0.8	0.4365098	-0.1750371	1.048057	0.0754991	0.0513487
0.85	0.541781	-0.206699	1.290261	0.0536692	0.061013
0.9	0.6604962	-0.2566151	1.577607	0.025276	0.06171
0.95	0.7935594	-0.3276886	1.914807	0.0111155	0.0395102

Return to Figure 6

Figure 7 Data

Education	Child	Region/Division	Mean LF (Panel A)	Mean Internet for Work (Panel A)	Line (Panel A)	Mean LF (Panel B)	Mean Internet for Search (Panel B)	Line (Panel B)	Mean LF (Panel C)	Mean Internet for Shop/Bills (Panel C)	Line (Panel C)	Mean LF(Panel D)	Mean Internet for Games(Panel D)	Line(Panel D)
0	0	11	-0.011655	0.1582953	0.2126508	-0.011655	0.108067	0.1276859	-0.011655	0.4672755	0.4746298	-0.011655	0.2937595	0.308773
0	1	11	-0.2520786	0.1647887	0.168264	-0.2520786	0.1352113	0.1132021	-0.2520786	0.4816901	0.4329981	-0.2520786	0.3661972	0.3179074
1	0	11	0.3651278	0.377915	0.2822123	0.3651278	0.1714678	0.1503844	0.3651278	0.6131687	0.5398737	0.3651278	0.2462277	0.2944579
1	1	11	0.135671	0.3636802	0.2399047	0.1359671	0.1517341	0.1365791	0.1359671	0.6507707	0.5001922	0.1359671	0.2866089	0.3031644
0	0	12	-0.0213369	0.1620438	0.2108634	-0.0213369	0.1021898	0.1271027	-0.0213369	0.4379562	0.4729533	-0.0213369	0.3051095	0.3091409
0	1	12	0.301979	0.1423729	0.2705538	0.301979	0.1299435	0.1465802	0.301979	0.4440678	0.5289388	0.301979	0.3378531	0.2968571
1	0	12	0.267133	0.3761128	0.2641205	0.267133	0.1802671	0.1444809	0.267133	0.5934718	0.5229049	0.267133	0.2626113	0.2981811
1	1	12	-0.2029963	0.3374542	0.1773255	-0.2029963	0.1520147	0.116159	-0.2029963	0.6080586	0.4414972	-0.2029963	0.2751831	0.3160426
0	0	23	-0.0187269	0.1598713	0.2113452	-0.0187269	0.1223176	0.1272599	-0.0187269	0.4120172	0.4734053	-0.0187269	0.2907725	0.3090417
0	1	23	0.2512698	0.1609302	0.2611918	0.2512698	0.1302326	0.1435253	0.2512698	0.4446512	0.520158	0.2512698	0.3516279	0.2987837
1	0	23	0.1005517	0.3574187	0.2333664	0.1005517	0.1704357	0.1344456	0.1005517	0.5504689	0.4940596	0.1005517	0.2537231	0.30451
1	1	23	0.6044794	0.3074004	0.3264012	0.6044794	0.1457306	0.1648037	0.6044794	0.5791271	0.5813198	0.6044794	0.2679317	0.2853643
0	0	24	-0.0506144	0.1661721	0.2054582	-0.0506144	0.1053412	0.1253389	-0.0506144	0.3857567	0.4678836	-0.0506144	0.2908012	0.3102532
0	1	24	0.328894	0.1822542	0.2755228	0.328894	0.1151079	0.1482016	0.328894	0.4316547	0.5335994	0.328894	0.3309352	0.2958346
1	0	24	0.2022058	0.3477488	0.2521337	0.2022058	0.1569905	0.1405695	0.2022058	0.5604265	0.5116621	0.2022058	0.2837678	0.3006478
1	1	24	0.6336186	0.3133515	0.3317809	0.6336186	0.1580382	0.1665591	0.6336186	0.5869988	0.5863656	0.6336186	0.3028416	0.2842572
0	0	35	-0.1143572	0.1537002	0.19369	-0.1143572	0.0815939	0.1214989	-0.1143572	0.4316888	0.4568459	-0.1143572	0.3026566	0.312675
0	1	35	-0.0378576	0.1804124	0.2078133	-0.0378576	0.1228522	0.1261074	-0.0378576	0.4132302	0.4700926	-0.0378576	0.3264605	0.3097685
1	0	35	0.429747	0.3709007	0.2941422	0.429747	0.1773672	0.1542773	0.429747	0.5593534	0.5510631	0.429747	0.27806	0.2920029
1	1	35	0.6547247	0.3330838	0.3356775	0.6547247	0.1639222	0.1678306	0.6547247	0.5864521	0.5900203	0.6547247	0.3061377	0.2834553
0	0	36	-0.2413071	0.1407625	0.1702526	-0.2413071	0.0909091	0.113851	-0.2413071	0.4046921	0.4348632	-0.2413071	0.3196481	0.3174982
0	1	36	0.1951521	0.1649484	0.2508314	0.1951521	0.1443299	0.1401446	0.1951521	0.4304124	0.5104406	0.1951521	0.3608247	0.3009158
1	0	36	0.0284762	0.3146417	0.2200598	0.0284762	0.1292835	0.1301036	0.0284762	0.5093458	0.481579	0.0284762	0.2850467	0.3072483
1	1	36	0.4981724	0.279148	0.3067749	0.4981724	0.1558296	0.1583994	0.4981724	0.5235426	0.5629117	0.4981724	0.3127803	0.2894032
0	0	37	-0.1465035	0.1357759	0.1877552	-0.1465035	0.0991379	0.1195623	-0.1465035	0.4030173	0.4512795	-0.1465035	0.3405173	0.3138963
0	1	37	-0.0069455	0.1426282	0.2135203	-0.0069455	0.150641	0.1279697	-0.0069455	0.3910256	0.4754454	-0.0069455	0.3958333	0.3085941
1	0	37	0.1601375	0.3237339	0.2443671	0.1601375	0.1598808	0.1380352	0.1601375	0.5461768	0.5043775	0.1601375	0.2949355	0.3022461
1	1	37	0.5280287	0.325	0.3122869	0.5280287	0.1642857	0.160198	0.5280287	0.5657143	0.5680816	0.5280287	0.305	0.2882689
0	0	48	0.0358722	0.190604	0.2214253	0.0358722	0.114094	0.1305491	0.0358722	0.4724832	0.4828597	0.0358722	0.2671141	0.3069673
0	1	48	0.2066883	0.1818182	0.2529612	0.2066883	0.1414141	0.1408396	0.2066883	0.4680135	0.5124382	0.2066883	0.312009	0.3004775
1	0	48	0.7511129	0.3467562	0.3534726	0.7511129	0.1739374	0.1736373	0.7511129	0.6006711	0.6067109	0.7511129	0.2746085	0.2797932
1	1	48	0.482531	0.3223996	0.3038872	0.482531	0.1467415	0.1574571	0.482531	0.6223565	0.5602033	0.482531	0.2555028	0.2899975
0	0	49	0.0434217	0.1805792	0.2228191	0.0434217	0.1192504	0.1310039	0.0434217	0.4991482	0.484167	0.0434217	0.3134583	0.3066805
0	1	49	0.1985576	0.1775281	0.2514602	0.1985576	0.1426966	0.1403498	0.1985576	0.464045	0.5110303	0.1985576	0.3258427	0.3007864
1	0	49	0.1332341	0.3646154	0.2394002	0.1332341	0.1748718	0.1364145	0.1332341	0.6230769	0.4997189	0.1332341	0.2415385	0.3032683
1	1	49	0.6228611	0.3286404	0.3297948	0.6228611	0.1588898	0.165911	0.6228611	0.6190668	0.5845028	0.6228611	0.2679002	0.2846659

Return to Figure 7

Appendix Figure 1 Data

P(z)	Count (Panel A)	Count (Panel B)
0	5452	64
0.01	4206	119
0.02	3626	137
0.03	3312	145
0.04	2951	167
0.05	2678	186
0.06	2477	173
0.07	2436	211
0.08	2169	204
0.09	2118	193
0.1	1999	234
0.11	1888	219
0.12	1723	262
0.13	1628	245
0.14	1560	229
0.15	1391	247
0.16	1323	243
0.17	1176	246
0.18	1186	252
0.19	1137	233
0.2	927	242
0.21	987	248
0.22	852	242
0.23	853	245
0.24	797	215
0.25	745	228
0.26	763	230
0.27	619	240
0.28	662	231
0.29	572	216
0.3	535	201
0.31	567	231
0.32	486	238
0.33	452	202
0.34	397	187
0.35	416	178
0.36	314	199
0.37	376	220
0.38	411	200
0.39	371	211
0.4	351	226
0.41	337	196
0.42	369	245
0.43	298	194
0.44	270	213
0.45	341	244
0.46	300	243
0.47	294	239
0.48	314	260
0.49	281	264
0.5	261	241
0.51	219	196
0.52	194	212
0.53	189	211
0.54	192	231
0.55	207	176
0.56	143	212
0.57	182	266
0.58	169	234
0.59	171	264
0.6	192	260
0.61	168	265
0.62	158	286
0.63	190	295
0.64	197	324
0.65	174	359
0.66	174	334
0.67	195	386
0.68	179	398
0.69	173	442
0.7	180	468
0.71	175	442
0.72	215	515
0.73	190	581
0.74	188	579
0.75	198	644
0.76	197	640
0.77	181	717
0.78	183	713
0.79	177	744
0.8	197	824
0.81	194	907
0.82	167	938
0.83	182	972
0.84	150	966
0.85	156	1058
0.86	163	1098
0.87	144	1094
0.88	111	1110
0.89	115	1093
0.9	99	1118
0.91	88	1025
0.92	75	965
0.93	53	969
0.94	42	1012
0.95	36	772
0.96	5	337
0.97	1	64

Return to Figure Appendix 1

Appendix Figure 2

Occupation	Mean Work Home	Mean Internet Usage	Line
10	0.3717143	0.5266666	0.4882887
20	0.2990777	0.4832402	0.4491499
50	0.3432785	0.5019231	0.4729666
110	0.364347	0.6143791	0.484319
120	0.2258601	0.4714785	0.4096982
130	0.2353767	0.532567	0.414826
210	0.3768455	0.1961259	0.4910535
230	0.3649003	0.4454315	0.4846171
310	0.1637357	0.3570057	0.3762238
340	0.2138569	0.3421053	0.4032305
350	0.3019775	0.4836735	0.4507125
410	0.3415096	0.4378882	0.4720135
420	0.3319959	0.5033113	0.4668873
430	0.2844322	0.4613982	0.4412585
520	0.1545284	0.4511278	0.3712626
530	0.1313951	0.3623853	0.3587978
540	0.1631616	0.4349776	0.3759145
620	0.2440884	0.4736181	0.4195201
710	0.4477275	0.5077882	0.5292468
730	0.1026737	0.6013986	0.3433218
800	0.1900771	0.4727654	0.3904173
850	0.2903363	0.5454546	0.4444399
910	0.1926723	0.4212329	0.3918157
1000	0.2915467	0.4744027	0.4450921
1010	0.2513215	0.4401709	0.4234175
1020	0.3123969	0.5280899	0.4563268
1040	0.1841618	0.4776119	0.3872299
1110	0.2898977	0.7256637	0.4442035
1550	0.0659762	0.4754098	0.3235482
1820	0.4766561	0.5136986	0.5448343
2000	0.2675188	0.4808044	0.4321451
2010	0.184073	0.429972	0.3871821
2020	0.1553657	0.4122807	0.3717138
2100	0.4669943	0.5750529	0.5396283
2140	0.1630316	0.4820937	0.3758444
2150	0.2672109	0.46875	0.4319792
2200	0.4873017	0.5575843	0.5505705
2300	0.3096982	0.3864143	0.4548726
2310	0.5105816	0.4584296	0.5631143
2320	0.5186855	0.4653659	0.567481
2330	0.4620689	0.4589801	0.5369743
2340	0.283198	0.4787776	0.4405935
2430	0.2171216	0.3764259	0.4049897
2540	0.11381	0.3723653	0.3493223
2600	0.3467077	0.4	0.4748144
2630	0.2851365	0.4313099	0.4416381
2720	0.2203527	0.4563107	0.4067307
2820	0.358134	0.5357143	0.4809712
2850	0.4819628	0.5220588	0.5476938
3030	0.1231964	0.4307692	0.35438
3050	0.1217168	0.5280899	0.3535828
3060	0.2319128	0.512	0.4129596
3130	0.0837793	0.4404074	0.3331409
3150	0.2740458	0.5409836	0.435662
3160	0.1424052	0.5084746	0.3647303
3230	0.352555	0.4693878	0.4779651
3300	0.0491857	0.4076433	0.314501
3310	0.0003114	0.4415585	0.288166
3320	0.0343707	0.4556962	0.3065182
3410	0.0392152	0.3655914	0.3091285
3500	0.0173226	0.3108974	0.2973321
3510	0.0589908	0.3396226	0.3197842
3600	0.0343096	0.2694805	0.3064853
3630	0.1915294	0.4883721	0.3911998
3640	0.0162636	0.4100946	0.2967615
3650	0.0982347	0.3715776	0.3409299
3800	0.0263493	0.3505155	0.302196
3920	0.0438529	0.3028169	0.3116275
4010	0.0973108	0.3116883	0.3404321
4020	0.0150549	0.1662996	0.2961102
4030	0.0113597	0.2257053	0.2941192
4040	0.0180124	0.297619	0.2977039
4050	0.0063787	0.2384106	0.2914353
4110	0.0036634	0.2731137	0.2899722
4130	0.0025057	0.2333333	0.2893484
4200	0.0431373	0.2831858	0.3112419
4220	0.0145117	0.1673152	0.2958176
4230	0.0302919	0.1628423	0.3043204
4320	0.1594193	0.3267974	0.373898
4510	0.0870915	0.315367	0.3349257
4520	0.0603044	0.3942857	0.320492
4550	0.0448212	0.368932	0.3121492
4600	0.3722148	0.2959946	0.4885584
4610	0.1149456	0.2383721	0.3499343
4620	0.1680519	0.4063745	0.3785495
4700	0.1705536	0.3569149	0.3798974
4710	0.2246775	0.439759	0.409061
4720	0.0156481	0.2356286	0.2964299
4760	0.0987436	0.319289	0.3412042
4800	0.2740602	0.4518518	0.4356698
4810	0.2671012	0.44	0.4319201
4820	0.2373523	0.414966	0.4158905
4830	0.1451291	0.3555556	0.366198
4840	0.250832	0.4754717	0.4231538
4850	0.3269713	0.4277108	0.4641799
4920	0.5112074	0.4676007	0.5634516
4950	0.4497676	0.3925234	0.5303461
4960	0.2652686	0.4705882	0.4309327
5000	0.1614104	0.4328545	0.3749709
5100	0.0404922	0.3291925	0.3098166
5110	0.1134753	0.3601533	0.349142
5120	0.1866032	0.3291139	0.3885455
5140	0.09856	0.3413461	0.3411053
5160	0.019288	0.3349876	0.2983912
5240	0.0650649	0.3641618	0.3230571
5260	0.0562418	0.3923611	0.318303
5310	0.1095424	0.3758865	0.3470229
5320	0.0660249	0.3445378	0.3235744
5330	0.0893739	0.3333333	0.3361555
5350	0.0764314	0.3960396	0.3291817
5400	0.044665	0.368984	0.3120651
5410	0.081572	0.2713178	0.3319516
5520	0.0838289	0.402439	0.3331677
5540	0.0008657	0.2769231	0.2884647
5550	0.0010614	0.3121693	0.2885702
5600	0.1069437	0.3715847	0.3456226
5610	0.0207503	0.2552083	0.2991791
5620	0.0244298	0.2882883	0.3011618
5700	0.1150332	0.3473788	0.3499815
5800	0.0657791	0.2132353	0.3234419
5810	0.0496272	0.3376344	0.3147388
5820	0.082962	0.2608696	0.3327006
5840	0.0689398	0.4295302	0.325145
5860	0.0790012	0.4115646	0.3305664
5930	0.1438332	0.3805147	0.3654997
6050	0.0873389	0.0676692	0.335059
7700	0.0912686	0.277551	0.3371764
7720	0.0105824	0.2114286	0.2937004
7750	0.0221121	0.1768953	0.2999129
7800	0.0458653	0.2635659	0.3127118
7810	0.0110587	0.106383	0.293957
8220	0.0066235	0.2115385	0.2915672
8300	0.0251059	0.1574803	0.301526
8320	0.0647614	0.1360759	0.3228936
8350	0.2971466	0.2788461	0.4481094
8740	0.0595203	0.2165775	0.3200695
8800	0.0021461	0.1216931	0.2891546
8960	0.0174057	0.1977401	0.2973769
9120	0.0133356	0.3146667	0.2951838
9130	0.0628775	0.2474747	0.3218785
9620	0.0148156	0.2169118	0.2959813
9640	0.0048104	0.1423948	0.2905903

Return to Figure Appendix 2

^♣ This version is optimized for use by screen readers. Descriptions for all mathematical expressions are provided in LaTex format. A printable pdf version is available. Return to Text