The historical data on reserves and the monetary base have been revised to reflect the annual review of seasonal and break factors. Revisions to seasonal factors start in January 1999, while revisions to break factors begin in January 2011. Break factors remove discontinuities (or "breaks") associated with regulatory changes in reserve requirements, such as the annual indexation of the low reserve tranche and the reserve requirement exemption.1

Seasonal factors for required reserves and the surplus vault cash component of the monetary base have been reestimated with the revised break-adjusted data. The maximum revision to total reserves, nonborrowed reserves, required reserves, and the monetary base in any maintenance period was $956 million, with most revisions less than $500 million.

Changes in reserve requirements have been associated with: (1) regulatory actions affecting Regulations D, J, K, and M; (2) the transitional phase in of required reserves under the Monetary Control Act of 1980 (MCA); (3) the initial implementations of the low reserve tranche on transaction deposits pursuant to the MCA and the reserve requirement exemption pursuant to the Garn-St Germain Act of 1982, respectively; and (4) the annual indexation of the low reserve tranche and the reserve requirement exemption; the break adjustments for the indexation are performed with the method discussed in the next section.

Adjustments for such breaks involve estimating the required reserves that would have prevailed in past reserve maintenance periods had the new reserve requirements been in effect. The procedure is as follows:

1. For the reserve maintenance period in which a required reserve ratio is changed, required reserves are calculated according to both the old and the new ratios, respectively, for each of the weekly and quarterly respondents to the FR 2900 report. The calculated required reserves are then aggregated according to the following six entity types: large commercial banks, small commercial banks, thrift institutions, Edge Act and agreement corporations, U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks, and all FR 2900 quarterly reporters. For data before 1991, the first two entity types are classified as member banks and nonmember banks.
2. For each of the six entity types, the break adjustment factor is estimated as the ratio of "new" required reserves to "old" required reserves obtained from step 1. Actual required reserves for each entity type in all reserve maintenance periods before the change date are multiplied with that entity type's break-adjustment factor to get break-adjusted required reserves.
3. Historical break-adjusted required reserves for each entity type are, therefore, the result of cumulative multiplications of actual required reserves by the break adjustment factors associated with the regulatory changes in reserve requirements between each date and the present.
4. Aggregate break-adjusted required reserves against transaction deposits are the sum of break-adjusted required reserves against transaction deposits for each of the six entity types. Monthly data are pro rata averages of weekly or biweekly data.
5. The required reserve ratio against nontransaction deposits was reduced to zero in December 1990. Therefore, break-adjusted required reserves against nontransaction deposits are equal to zero.
6. Required clearing balances and adjustments to compensate for float are subtracted from the break-adjusted monetary base.
7. Before the implementation of contemporaneous reserve requirements (CRR) in February 1984, required reserves on certain obligations of domestic affiliates and ineligible acceptances (finance bills) are excluded from break-adjusted reserves and the monetary base. Under CRR, the break-adjusted required reserves against transactions deposits include required reserves on certain obligations of domestic affiliates and on finance bills issued by the reporting institution that have an original maturity of less than seven days; these required reserves are no longer reported separately and are estimated to be very small.

Break adjustments for annual indexation of the low reserve tranche and the reserve requirement exemption continue to employ the technique adopted in 1989. Unlike the break adjustments described above, break adjustments for the indexation are made to required reserves and to applied vault cash only in the maintenance periods between any two adjacent annual indexations. The break adjustment procedures for annual indexation of the low reserve tranche and the reserve requirement exemption are as follows:

1. Using the method described in the previous section, break adjustment factors for each indexation are first estimated as ratios of required reserves (or applied vault cash) from micro data reported on the FR 2900 in the first effective maintenance period of the indexation; the estimation is based on the tranche and exemption levels after and before the indexation. Break adjustment factors for required reserves are derived for each of the six entity types described earlier. For applied vault cash, a break adjustment factor is derived for all weekly reporting depository institutions.2
2. For maintenance periods between any two adjacent annual indexation dates, break factors are estimated under the assumption that the indexation is phased in at a constant growth rate throughout the year. Thus, break factors for these maintenance periods are produced by interpolating between 1.0 for the first effective maintenance period of the earlier indexation and the value of the break factor (calculated in the previous step) for the first effective period of the following indexation. Hence, break factors are equal to 1.0 for the first effective period of each indexation.

To make 2012 data comparable with historical data, the break adjustments to the 2012 data use the low reserve tranche and the reserve requirement exemption that will take effect in January 2013.

Seasonal factors are estimated only for break-adjusted series. Excess reserves and borrowed reserves are neither break adjusted nor seasonally adjusted.

For reserve maintenance periods before February 2, 1984, when old lagged reserve requirements (LRR) were in effect, seasonally adjusted aggregate required reserves consist of the sum of seasonally adjusted required reserves at member commercial banks and those at nonmember institutions. Seasonally adjusted total reserves are equal to excess reserves plus seasonally adjusted aggregate required reserves. Seasonally adjusted nonborrowed reserves consist of seasonally adjusted total reserves minus borrowed reserves. The monetary base, less excess reserves, is seasonally adjusted as a whole, rather than by component, and excess reserves are added without seasonal adjustment. Weekly seasonal factors are estimated from weekly time series models. Monthly levels of (both seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted) reserves and the monetary base are derived as pro rata averages of the weekly levels.

Beginning with the implementation of CRR on February 2, 1984, required reserves against net transaction deposits for all depository institutions are seasonally adjusted as a whole. Seasonally adjusted total reserves and nonborrowed reserves after CRR are constructed the same way as those before CRR. The seasonally adjusted monetary base is equal to the sum of three components: (1) seasonally adjusted total reserves (including excess reserves, which are not seasonally adjusted), (2) the seasonally adjusted currency component of M1, and (3) the seasonally adjusted surplus vault cash component of the monetary base.

For the purpose of estimating seasonal factors, historical data for required reserves have been adjusted for a few events such as the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, that are believed to have distorted the seasonal patterns of deposits and required reserves. Such adjustments to required reserves are equal to the prevailing marginal required reserve ratio (10 percent since April 2, 1992) times the estimated effects on net transaction deposits in the corresponding computation periods in which deposits were adjusted.

Effective July 30, 1998, the required reserve regime for weekly deposit reporters was shifted from CRR to new LRR, in which biweekly reserve maintenance periods lag their corresponding computation periods by thirty days.3 The shift to new LRR did not cause breaks in reserve data. However, the peaks and troughs of seasonal fluctuations for required reserves under new LRR lag those under CRR by four weeks. Previous seasonal reviews thus estimated seasonal factors for required reserves after the implementation of CRR (February 2, 1984) from two biweekly regression models: one for the entire CRR period (February 2, 1984 through July 29, 1998) and another for the new LRR period (beginning July 30, 1998).

Similarly, the length of the lag in counting vault cash toward required reserves for weekly reporters has been changed twice since February 1984. One was a shortening of the lag from thirty days to sixteen days, effective from November 12, 1992 through July 29, 1998; the second was a lengthening of the lag from sixteen days to thirty days, beginning July 30, 1998. While these changes did not create breaks in the surplus vault cash component of the monetary base, they did affect seasonal patterns in this series. Previous seasonal reviews thus estimated seasonal factors for the surplus vault cash component of the monetary base after the implementation of CRR from three biweekly models: one for the period from February 2, 1984 through November 11, 1992; the second for the period from November 12, 1992 through July 29, 1998; and the third for the new LRR regime (beginning July 30, 1998).

Revisions to required reserves data since the last seasonal review do not extend back more than six years, and revisions to vault cash data extend back less than three years. For this reason, there is no need to reestimate the biweekly regression models for periods ending more than six years ago, as the same seasonal factors are bound to result. Instead, the seasonal factors through the end of 1998 have been frozen, and the biweekly regression models for both required reserves and surplus vault cash are now estimated for the period December 31, 1998 through October 31, 2012.

The following list covers regulatory changes in reserve requirements and indexation of the low reserve tranche and the reserve requirement exemption beginning December 1, 1959, and their effects on required reserves.

1. Effective December 1, 1959, member banks were allowed to count part of their vault cash as legal reserves.
2. Effective January 1, 1960, the reserve computation and maintenance periods for country banks were changed from semi-monthly to biweekly. (The reserve computation and maintenance periods for central reserve city banks and reserve city banks continued to be one week; and all banks, including country banks, continued to compute and hold reserves contemporaneously.) In addition, beginning with the period ending January 13, 1960, the reserve computation and maintenance periods for all banks were made to end on Wednesday.
3. Effective September 1, 1960, the reserve requirement of central reserve city banks against their net demand deposits was reduced from 18 percent to 17-1/2 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $120 million.
4. Effective November 24, 1960, member banks were allowed to count all vault cash as legal reserves.
5. Effective November 24, 1960, the reserve requirement of country banks against their net demand deposits was increased from 11 percent to 12 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $380 million.
6. Effective December 1, 1960, the reserve requirement of central reserve city banks against their net demand deposits was reduced from 17-1/2 percent to 16-1/2 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $250 million.
7. Effective July 28, 1962, the central reserve city classification was eliminated and the former central reserve city banks were reclassified as reserve city banks.
8. Effective October 25, 1962, the reserve requirement of reserve city banks against their time deposits was reduced from 5 percent to 4 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $410 million.
9. Effective November 1, 1962, the reserve requirement of country banks against their time deposits was reduced from 5 percent to 4 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $360 million.
10. Effective July 14, 1966, the reserve requirement of reserve city banks against time deposits (other than savings deposits) in excess of $5 million was increased from 4 percent to 5 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $350 million.
11. Effective July 21, 1966, the reserve requirement of country banks against time deposits (other than savings deposits) in excess of $5 million was increased from 4 percent to 5 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $70 million.
12. Effective September 8, 1966, the reserve requirement of reserve city banks against time deposits (other than savings deposits) in excess of $5 million was increased from 5 percent to 6 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $370 million.
13. Effective September 15, 1966, the reserve requirement of country banks against time deposits (other than savings deposits) in excess of $5 million was increased from 5 percent to 6 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $75 million.
14. Effective March 2, 1967, the reserve requirement of all member banks against savings deposits and the first $5 million of time deposits was reduced from 4 percent to 3-1/2 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $425 million.
15. Effective March 16, 1967, the reserve requirement of all member banks against savings deposits and the first $5 million of time deposits was reduced from 3-1/2 percent to 3 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $425 million.
16. Effective January 11, 1968, the reserve requirement of reserve city banks against net demand deposits in excess of $5 million was increased from 16-1/2 percent to 17 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $360 million.
17. Effective January 18, 1968, the reserve requirement of country banks against net demand deposits in excess of $5 million was increased from 12 percent to 12-1/2 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $190 million.
18. Effective September 12, 1968, Regulation D was amended to: (1) reduce the reserve computation and maintenance periods for country banks from two weeks to one week to coincide with one-week periods for reserve city banks; (2) change contemporaneous reserve requirements to lagged reserve requirements (LRR), which required all banks to compute weekly average required reserves for the maintenance week on the basis of average daily deposits two weeks earlier; (3) count average vault cash held two weeks earlier toward the required reserves for the present week; and (4) allow either excesses or deficiencies averaging up to 2 percent of required reserves to be carried forward to the next maintenance week.
19. Effective April 17, 1969, the reserve requirement of all member banks against net demand deposits was increased 1/2 percentage point. This action increased required reserves approximately $660 million.
20. Effective October 16, 1969 a 10 percent marginal reserve requirement was established on certain foreign borrowings, primarily Eurodollars, by member banks and on the sale of assets to their foreign branches. This action increased required reserves approximately $415 million.
21. Effective October 1, 1970, the reserve requirement of all member banks against time deposits (other than savings deposits) in excess of $5 million was reduced from 6 percent to 5 percent. At the same time, a 5 percent reserve requirement was imposed against funds obtained by member banks through the issuance of commercial paper by their affiliates. This action reduced required reserves approximately $500 million (net).
22. Effective January 7, 1971, the reserve requirement on certain foreign borrowings, primarily Eurodollars, by member banks, and the sale of assets to their foreign branches was raised from 10 percent to 20 percent. This action had little effect on required reserves.
23. Effective November 9, 1972, Regulations D and J were revised to (1) adopt a system of reserve requirements against demand deposits of all member banks based on the amount of such deposits held by a member bank, and (2) to require banks--member and nonmember--to pay cash items presented by a Federal Reserve Bank on the day of presentation in funds available to the Reserve Bank on that day. These changes reduced required reserves approximately $2.5 billion, effective November 9; $1.0 billion, effective November 16; and increased required reserves $300 million, effective November 23.
24. Effective June 21, 1973, the Board amended its Regulation D to establish a marginal reserve requirement of 8 percent against certain time deposits and to subject to the 8 percent reserve requirement certain deposits exempt from the rate limitations of the Board's Regulation Q. In addition, reserves against certain foreign branch deposits were reduced from 10 percent to 8 percent. These changes had little effect on required reserves.
25. Effective July 12, 1973, reserve requirements were imposed against finance bills. This action increased required reserves approximately $90 million.
26. Effective July 19, 1973, the reserve requirement against all net demand deposits, except the first $2 million was increased 1/2 percentage point. This action increased required reserves approximately $760 million.
27. Effective October 4, 1973, the marginal reserve requirement against certain time deposits was increased from 8 percent to 11 percent. This action increased required reserves approximately $465 million.
28. Effective December 27, 1973, the marginal reserve requirement against certain time deposits was reduced from 11 percent to 8 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $360 million.
29. Effective September 19, 1974, the marginal reserve requirement against time deposits in denomination greater than $100,000 and more than 4-month maturity was eliminated. This action reduced required reserves approximately $510 million.
30. Effective December 12, 1974, the reserve requirement against all time deposits with an original maturity of six months or longer was reduced from 5 percent to 3 percent; the reserve requirement against all time deposits with an original maturity of less than six months was increased from 5 percent to 6 percent; and the reserve requirement against net demand deposits over $400 million was reduced from 18 percent to 17-1/2 percent. In addition, the 3 percent marginal reserve requirement on large certificates of deposit with an initial maturity of less than four months was removed. These actions reduced required reserves approximately $710 million.
31. Effective February 13, 1975, the reserve requirements against all categories of net demand deposits up to $400 million were reduced by one-half of 1 percentage point, and the reserve requirement against net demand deposits of more than $400 million was reduced 1 percentage point. This action reduced required reserves approximately $1,065 million.
32. Effective May 22, 1975, the reserve requirement against foreign borrowings of member banks, primarily Eurodollars, was reduced from 8 percent to 4 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $80 million.
33. Effective October 30, 1975, the reserve requirement against member bank time deposits with an original maturity of four years or more was reduced from 3 percent to 1 percent. This action reduced required reserves approximately $360 million.
34. Effective January 8, 1976, the reserve requirement on time deposits maturing in 180 days to 4 years was reduced from 3 percent to 2-1/2 percent. This action reduced required reserves by approximately $500 million.
35. Effective December 30, 1976, the reserve requirement against net demand deposits up to $10 million was reduced by 1/2 percentage point, and the reserve requirement against net demand deposits over $10 million was reduced by 1/4 percentage point. This action reduced required reserves by approximately $550 million.
36. Effective November 16, 1978, a supplementary reserve requirement of 2 percent was imposed on time deposits of $100,000 or more. This action increased required reserves approximately $3.0 billion.
37. Effective November 30, 1978, the 10 percent minimum requirement on the domestic deposits of Edges was removed but Edges continued to be subject to the same reserve requirements as member banks.
38. Effective October 11, 1979, a marginal reserve requirement of 8 percent was imposed on "managed liabilities" of member banks, Edge Act corporations, and U.S. agencies and branches of foreign banks above a base average for the two weeks ending September 26, 1979. Managed liabilities included large time deposits ($100,000 and over with maturities of less than one year), repurchase agreements against U.S. government and federal agency securities, Eurodollar borrowings, and federal funds borrowings from a nonmember institution. On October 25, required reserves and reserves held by Edge Act Corporations were included in member bank reserves. (Previously reserves held by these institutions were recorded as "other deposits" by Federal Reserve Banks.) These actions raised required reserves approximately $355 and $320 million, respectively.
39. Effective March 12, 1980, the 8 percent marginal reserve requirement was raised to 10 percent. In addition, the base upon which the marginal reserve requirement was calculated was reduced. This action increased required reserves about $1.7 billion.
40. Effective May 29, 1980, the marginal reserve requirement was reduced from 10 percent to 5 percent and the base upon which the marginal reserve requirement was calculated was raised. This action reduced required reserves about $980 million.
41. Effective July 24, 1980, the 5 percent marginal reserve requirement on managed liabilities and the 2 percent supplementary reserve requirement against large time deposits were removed. These actions reduced required reserves about $3.2 billion.
42. Effective November 13, 1980, required reserves of member banks and Edge Act corporations were reduced about $4.3 billion and required reserves of other depository institutions were increased about $1.4 billion due to the implementation of the Monetary Control Act of 1980.
43. Effective February 12, 1981, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember banks and foreign-related institutions increased by approximately $245 million.
44. Effective March 12, 1981, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of small nonmember "quarterly reporters" increased about $75 million.
45. Effective May 14, 1981, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember banks and foreign-related institutions increased by approximately $245 million.
46. Effective August 13, 1981, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember banks and foreign-related institutions increased approximately $230 million.
47. Effective September 3, 1981, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of member banks were reduced about $2.0 billion, and required reserves of other depository institutions were increased about $0.9 billion.
48. Effective November 12, 1981, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember banks and foreign-related institutions increased about $210 million.
49. Effective January 14, 1982, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts at depository institutions was raised from $25 million to $26 million. This action reduced required reserves approximately $60 million.
50. Effective February 11, 1982, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember banks and foreign-related institutions increased about $170 million.
51. Effective March 4, 1982, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of member banks decreased by about $2.0 billion.
52. Effective May 13, 1982, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember banks and foreign-related institutions increased about $150 million.
53. Effective August 12, 1982, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember banks and foreign-related institutions increased about $140 million.
54. Effective September 2, 1982, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of member banks were reduced about $2.1 billion, and required reserves of other depository institutions were increased about $0.9 billion.
55. Effective October 28, 1982, in accordance with provisions of the Depository Institutions Act of 1982, required reserves of certain former member banks were reduced by approximately $100 million.
56. Effective December 23, 1982, in accordance with provisions of the Depository Institutions Act of 1982 that exempted the first $2.1 million of reservable liabilities at all depository institutions from reserve requirements, required reserves were reduced by an estimated $800 million.
57. Effective January 13, 1983, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts at depository institutions was raised from $26.0 million to $26.3 million. This action reduced required reserves approximately $32 million.
58. Effective March 3, 1983, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of member banks were reduced by approximately $1.9 billion.
59. Effective April 14, 1983, required reserves were reduced an estimated $80 million as a result of the elimination of reserve requirements on nonpersonal time deposits with maturities of 2-1/2 years to 3-1/2 years.
60. Effective September 1, 1983, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of member banks were reduced about $2.0 billion, and required reserves of other depository institutions were increased about $0.9 billion.
61. Effective October 20, 1983, required reserves were reduced an estimated $100 million as a result of the elimination of reserve requirements on nonpersonal time deposits with maturities of 1-1/2 years to 2-1/2 years.
62. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning January 12, 1984, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts at depository institutions was raised from $26.3 million to $28.9 million. Also, in accordance with the provisions of the Depository Institutions Act of 1982, the reserve requirement exemption was raised from $2.1 million to $2.2 million. These actions reduced required reserves a total of about $350 million.
63. Effective February 2, 1984, Regulation D was amended as follows for institutions reporting weekly on the FR2900: (1) change the reserve computation and maintenance periods from weekly to biweekly, with the former ending on Monday and the latter ending on Wednesday; (2) compute required reserves against net transaction deposits based on average deposits over the computation period ending two days before the end of the maintenance period; (3) compute required reserves against nontransaction deposits based on average deposits over a computation period ending 17 days before the beginning of the maintenance period; and (4) count the average vault cash held during a reserve computation period ending 17 days before the beginning of the reserve maintenance period toward required reserves.
64. Effective February 2, 1984, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of member banks were reduced about $2.0 billion.
65. Effective September 13, 1984, in conjunction with the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember depository institutions increased about $1.08 billion.
66. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning January 3, 1985, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $28.9 million to $29.8 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $2.2 million to $2.4 million. These actions reduced required reserves by about $190 million.
67. Effective September 12, 1985, according to the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember depository institutions were increased about $1.23 billion.
68. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning January 2, 1986, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $29.8 million to $31.7 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $2.4 million to $2.6 million. These actions reduced required reserves by about $340 million.
69. Effective April 24, 1986, money market deposit accounts (MMDA), which had previously been subject to full reserve requirements, were made subject to the transitional phase-in program of the Monetary Control Act. In addition, the order of application of the exemption applied to reservable liabilities was changed. These actions reduced required reserves by about $260 million.
70. Effective September 11, 1986, according to the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember depository institutions were increased about $1.58 billion.
71. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning January 1, 1987, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $31.7 million to $36.7 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $2.6 million to $2.9 million. These actions reduced required reserves by about $970 million.
72. Effective September 10, 1987, according to the transitional phase-in program under the Monetary Control Act, required reserves of certain nonmember depository institutions were increased about $1.70 billion.
73. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning December 31, 1987, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $36.7 million to $40.5 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $2.9 million to $3.2 million. The actions reduced required reserves by about $740 million.
74. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning December 29, 1988, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $40.5 million to $41.5 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $3.2 million to $3.4 million. The actions reduced required reserves by an estimated $210 million.
75. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning December 28, 1989, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was reduced from $41.5 million to $40.4 million. The reserve requirement exemption was kept at $3.4 million. The action raised required reserves by an estimated $190 million.
76. Effective December 13, 1990, the 3 percent reserve requirement on nontransaction liabilities was reduced to 1-1/2 percent for FR2900 weekly reporters. The action lowered required reserves by an estimated $6.7 billion.
77. Effective December 27, 1990, the 1-1/2 percent reserve requirement on nontransaction liabilities was reduced to zero for FR2900 weekly reporters. The action lowered required reserves by an estimated $6.5 billion.
78. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning December 27, 1990, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $40.4 million to $41.1 million. The reserve requirement exemption was kept at $3.4 million. The action lowered required reserves by an estimated $112 million.
79. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning January 17, 1991, the 3 percent reserve requirement on nontransaction liabilities was reduced to zero for FR2900 quarterly reporters. The action reduced required reserves by an estimated $460 million.
80. Effective with reserve maintenance period beginning December 26, 1991, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $41.1 million to $42.2 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $3.4 million to $3.6 million. The actions reduced required reserves by an estimated $255 million.
81. Effective April 2, 1992, the 12 percent required reserve ratio against net transaction deposits above the low reserve tranche level was reduced to 10 percent. The action reduced required reserves by an estimated $8.9 billion.
82. Effective September 3, 1992, the carryover allowance for reserve balances, for institutions reporting weekly and quarterly on the FR2900, was doubled to the larger of $50,000 or 4 percent of required reserves plus required clearing balances less the institution's required clearing balance penalty-free band.
83. Effective November 12, 1992, the lag in counting vault cash toward required reserves was shortened from four weeks to two weeks for institutions reporting weekly on the FR2900, i.e. counting the average vault cash held during a reserve computation period toward required reserves in its corresponding reserve maintenance period.
84. Effective with the reserve maintenance period beginning December 24, 1992, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $42.2 million to $46.8 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $3.6 million to $3.8 million. The actions reduced required reserves by an estimated $699 million.
85. Effective with the reserve maintenance period beginning December 23, 1993, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $46.8 million to $51.9 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $3.8 million to $4.0 million. The actions reduced required reserves by an estimated $738 million.
86. Effective with the reserve maintenance period beginning December 22, 1994, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was raised from $51.9 million to $54.0 million. The reserve requirement exemption was also raised from $4.0 million to $4.2 million. The actions reduced required reserves by an estimated $318 million.
87. Effective with the reserve maintenance period beginning December 21, 1995, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was reduced from $54.0 million to $52.0 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $4.2 million to $4.3 million. The actions raised required reserves by an estimated $199 million.
88. Effective with the reserve maintenance period beginning December 31, 1996, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was reduced from $52.0 million to $49.3 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $4.3 million to $4.4 million. The actions raised required reserves by an estimated $298 million.
89. Effective with the reserve maintenance period beginning January 1, 1998, the low reserve tranche for transaction accounts was reduced from $49.3 million to $47.8 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $4.4 million to $4.7 million. The actions raised required reserves by an estimated $89 million.
90. Effective with the reserve maintenance period beginning July 30, 1998, the required reserve system was shifted from CRR to new lagged reserve requirements (LRR) with reserve computation periods for weekly reporters starting thirty days before the corresponding reserve maintenance periods. Under the new LRR regime, the lag in counting vault cash toward required reserves was lengthened from sixteen days to thirty days for institutions reporting weekly on the FR2900. In other words, the average vault cash held during a reserve computation period would be applied toward required reserves in its corresponding reserve maintenance period.
91. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 31, 1998, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was reduced from $47.8 million to $46.5 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $4.7 million to $4.9 million. The actions raised required reserves by an estimated $104 million.
92. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 30, 1999, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was reduced from $46.5 million to $44.3 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $4.9 million to $5.0 million. The actions raised required reserves by an estimated $264 million.
93. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 28, 2000, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was reduced from $44.3 million to $42.8 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $5.0 million to $5.5 million. The actions raised required reserves by an estimated $60 million.
94. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 27, 2001, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was reduced from $42.8 million to $41.3 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $5.5 million to $5.7 million. The actions raised total required reserves by an estimated $154 million.
95. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 26, 2002, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was increased from $41.3 million to $42.1 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $5.57 million to $6.0 million. The actions lowered total required reserves by an estimated $201 million.
96. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 25, 2003, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was increased from $42.1 million to $45.4 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $6.0 million to $6.6 million. The actions lowered total required reserves by an estimated $689 million.
97. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 23, 2004, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was increased from $45.4 million to $47.6 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $6.6 million to $7.0 million. The actions lowered total required reserves by an estimated $506 million.
98. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 22, 2005, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was increased from $47.6 million to $48.3 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $7.0 million to $7.8 million. The actions lowered total required reserves by an estimated $369 million.
99. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 21, 2006, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was reduced from $48.3 million to $45.8 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $7.8 million to $8.5 million. The actions raised total required reserves by an estimated $146 million.
100. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 20, 2007, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was reduced from $45.8 million to $43.9 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $8.5 million to $9.3 million. The actions raised total required reserves by an estimated $57 million.
101. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning January 1, 2009, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was raised from $43.9 million to $44.4 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $9.3 million to $10.3 million. The actions lowered total required reserves by an estimated $270 million.
102. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 31, 2009, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was raised from $44.4 million to $55.2 million. The reserve requirement exemption was raised from $10.3 million to $10.7 million. These actions lowered total required reserves by an estimated $1.24 billion.
103. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 30, 2010, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts was raised from $55.2 million to $58.8 million. The reserve requirement exemption remained at $10.7 million. These actions lowered total required reserves by an estimated $353 million.
104. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 29, 2011, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts will rise from $58.8 million to $71.0 million. The reserve requirement exemption will rise from $10.7 million to $11.5 million. These actions will lower total required reserves by an estimated $1.33 billion.
105. Effective for the reserve maintenance period beginning December 27, 2012, the low reserve tranche for net transaction accounts will rise from $71.0 million to $79.5 million. The reserve requirement exemption will rise from $11.5 million to $12.4 million. These actions will lower total required reserves by an estimated $971 million.

1. The Monetary Control Act of 1980 established a reserve ratio of 3 percent against the first $25 million in net transaction deposits (low reserve tranche) at each depository institution. Since 1982, the low reserve tranche has been indexed each January by 80 percent of the previous year's (June 30 to June 30) growth rate of net transaction deposits at all depository institutions. For all reserve maintenance periods ending in 2012, the low reserve tranche is $71.0 million, rising to $79.5 million for maintenance periods ending in 2013.

Under the Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, the first $2 million of reservable liabilities of each depository institution was exempted from reserve requirements. Since 1983, this exemption amount has been indexed each year by 80 percent of the rate of increase of the reservable liabilities at all depository institutions over the preceding year (June 30 to June 30). For all reserve maintenance periods ending in 2012, the reserve requirement exemption is $11.5 million, rising to $12.4 million for maintenance periods ending in 2013. Return to text.

2. Break adjustment factors for applied vault cash are used to compute the break-adjusted series for the surplus vault cash component of the monetary base. Return to text.

3. The current regime is designated "new LRR" to distinguish it from the regime of lagged reserve requirements that prevailed from September 12, 1968 to February 1, 1984 (old LRR). Return to text.