Measuring the Natural Rate of Interest: The Role of Inflation Expectations, Accessibile Data
Figure 1. Inflation and estimated natural rate of interest from the HLW model.
Panel A: Core PCE and CPI inflation (percent annualized)
Date |
PCE-based |
CPI-Based |
7/1/1961 |
1.73 |
1.72 |
10/1/1961 |
0.97 |
1.29 |
1/1/1962 |
1.47 |
0.87 |
4/1/1962 |
1.54 |
1.69 |
7/1/1962 |
1.31 |
1.26 |
10/1/1962 |
0.75 |
0.86 |
1/1/1963 |
1.33 |
0.84 |
4/1/1963 |
1.51 |
1.68 |
7/1/1963 |
1.53 |
1.68 |
10/1/1963 |
1.93 |
2.10 |
1/1/1964 |
1.68 |
2.07 |
4/1/1964 |
1.20 |
0.41 |
7/1/1964 |
1.10 |
0.83 |
10/1/1964 |
1.01 |
2.05 |
1/1/1965 |
1.50 |
1.64 |
4/1/1965 |
1.26 |
1.23 |
7/1/1965 |
1.22 |
0.40 |
10/1/1965 |
1.34 |
2.04 |
1/1/1966 |
1.99 |
2.01 |
4/1/1966 |
3.23 |
4.03 |
7/1/1966 |
3.28 |
3.56 |
10/1/1966 |
3.45 |
3.95 |
1/1/1967 |
2.20 |
2.35 |
4/1/1967 |
2.67 |
3.09 |
7/1/1967 |
3.60 |
4.21 |
10/1/1967 |
4.03 |
4.21 |
1/1/1968 |
4.53 |
4.88 |
4/1/1968 |
4.63 |
4.10 |
7/1/1968 |
4.43 |
5.50 |
10/1/1968 |
4.64 |
5.81 |
1/1/1969 |
4.36 |
5.35 |
4/1/1969 |
4.76 |
6.34 |
7/1/1969 |
4.58 |
5.54 |
10/1/1969 |
4.67 |
5.50 |
1/1/1970 |
4.35 |
6.08 |
4/1/1970 |
4.49 |
7.28 |
7/1/1970 |
4.40 |
5.21 |
10/1/1970 |
5.60 |
6.45 |
1/1/1971 |
5.03 |
3.81 |
4/1/1971 |
4.54 |
4.10 |
7/1/1971 |
3.75 |
3.42 |
10/1/1971 |
2.28 |
2.17 |
1/1/1972 |
3.81 |
3.37 |
4/1/1972 |
2.70 |
3.06 |
7/1/1972 |
2.99 |
3.02 |
10/1/1972 |
2.52 |
2.12 |
1/1/1973 |
2.78 |
2.98 |
4/1/1973 |
5.41 |
4.15 |
7/1/1973 |
5.26 |
4.07 |
10/1/1973 |
5.55 |
6.68 |
1/1/1974 |
6.82 |
6.27 |
4/1/1974 |
9.81 |
10.30 |
7/1/1974 |
11.24 |
13.47 |
10/1/1974 |
9.69 |
11.58 |
1/1/1975 |
7.74 |
8.41 |
4/1/1975 |
6.05 |
6.30 |
7/1/1975 |
5.94 |
5.18 |
10/1/1975 |
6.48 |
6.84 |
1/1/1976 |
6.03 |
7.43 |
4/1/1976 |
4.77 |
5.42 |
7/1/1976 |
6.19 |
6.48 |
10/1/1976 |
6.24 |
5.51 |
1/1/1977 |
6.66 |
6.53 |
4/1/1977 |
6.08 |
6.43 |
7/1/1977 |
6.58 |
5.66 |
10/1/1977 |
5.79 |
5.41 |
1/1/1978 |
6.20 |
7.00 |
4/1/1978 |
6.83 |
8.11 |
7/1/1978 |
6.78 |
8.52 |
10/1/1978 |
7.14 |
8.81 |
1/1/1979 |
5.45 |
9.16 |
4/1/1979 |
8.69 |
9.34 |
7/1/1979 |
7.28 |
10.19 |
10/1/1979 |
8.29 |
11.98 |
1/1/1980 |
9.66 |
14.53 |
4/1/1980 |
8.85 |
13.17 |
7/1/1980 |
8.77 |
5.91 |
10/1/1980 |
9.67 |
12.30 |
1/1/1981 |
8.77 |
9.26 |
4/1/1981 |
7.50 |
8.75 |
7/1/1981 |
7.27 |
13.24 |
10/1/1981 |
7.07 |
7.76 |
1/1/1982 |
5.82 |
4.85 |
4/1/1982 |
5.37 |
7.35 |
7/1/1982 |
6.34 |
6.64 |
10/1/1982 |
5.55 |
1.38 |
1/1/1983 |
5.21 |
2.45 |
4/1/1983 |
3.05 |
3.94 |
7/1/1983 |
6.02 |
4.94 |
10/1/1983 |
3.20 |
5.17 |
1/1/1984 |
4.02 |
5.49 |
4/1/1984 |
4.66 |
4.89 |
7/1/1984 |
3.73 |
4.95 |
10/1/1984 |
2.84 |
4.05 |
1/1/1985 |
5.41 |
4.35 |
4/1/1985 |
3.46 |
4.20 |
7/1/1985 |
4.07 |
3.53 |
10/1/1985 |
2.87 |
4.60 |
1/1/1986 |
4.30 |
4.31 |
4/1/1986 |
2.73 |
3.31 |
7/1/1986 |
2.72 |
3.74 |
10/1/1986 |
3.25 |
3.85 |
1/1/1987 |
2.51 |
3.23 |
4/1/1987 |
3.86 |
4.79 |
7/1/1987 |
3.55 |
3.70 |
10/1/1987 |
4.06 |
4.59 |
1/1/1988 |
3.85 |
3.87 |
4/1/1988 |
4.81 |
4.80 |
7/1/1988 |
4.56 |
4.41 |
10/1/1988 |
4.47 |
4.83 |
1/1/1989 |
4.34 |
4.23 |
4/1/1989 |
3.62 |
4.28 |
7/1/1989 |
2.96 |
3.81 |
10/1/1989 |
3.65 |
4.82 |
1/1/1990 |
4.58 |
5.06 |
4/1/1990 |
4.44 |
5.18 |
7/1/1990 |
4.01 |
5.89 |
10/1/1990 |
3.36 |
4.59 |
1/1/1991 |
3.53 |
5.74 |
4/1/1991 |
3.08 |
3.61 |
7/1/1991 |
3.57 |
4.30 |
10/1/1991 |
3.15 |
3.73 |
1/1/1992 |
3.04 |
3.50 |
4/1/1992 |
2.82 |
3.47 |
7/1/1992 |
2.36 |
3.07 |
10/1/1992 |
2.93 |
3.60 |
1/1/1993 |
2.75 |
3.46 |
4/1/1993 |
3.03 |
3.36 |
7/1/1993 |
2.22 |
2.36 |
10/1/1993 |
2.06 |
3.14 |
1/1/1994 |
1.82 |
2.60 |
4/1/1994 |
2.68 |
2.74 |
7/1/1994 |
2.22 |
2.97 |
10/1/1994 |
2.03 |
2.55 |
1/1/1995 |
2.10 |
3.36 |
4/1/1995 |
2.37 |
3.24 |
7/1/1995 |
1.90 |
2.64 |
10/1/1995 |
2.01 |
2.80 |
1/1/1996 |
1.57 |
2.69 |
4/1/1996 |
1.89 |
2.35 |
7/1/1996 |
1.81 |
2.57 |
10/1/1996 |
2.28 |
2.57 |
1/1/1997 |
1.57 |
2.31 |
4/1/1997 |
2.08 |
2.53 |
7/1/1997 |
0.93 |
1.72 |
10/1/1997 |
1.27 |
2.28 |
1/1/1998 |
1.18 |
2.41 |
4/1/1998 |
1.23 |
2.24 |
7/1/1998 |
1.41 |
2.38 |
10/1/1998 |
1.27 |
2.23 |
1/1/1999 |
1.30 |
1.75 |
4/1/1999 |
1.29 |
1.89 |
7/1/1999 |
1.37 |
2.10 |
10/1/1999 |
1.81 |
2.26 |
1/1/2000 |
2.19 |
2.62 |
4/1/2000 |
1.27 |
2.51 |
7/1/2000 |
1.80 |
2.64 |
10/1/2000 |
1.92 |
2.42 |
1/1/2001 |
2.30 |
2.90 |
4/1/2001 |
1.51 |
2.45 |
7/1/2001 |
1.09 |
2.72 |
10/1/2001 |
2.00 |
2.64 |
1/1/2002 |
1.16 |
2.19 |
4/1/2002 |
2.29 |
2.05 |
7/1/2002 |
1.99 |
2.09 |
10/1/2002 |
1.41 |
1.82 |
1/1/2003 |
0.96 |
1.32 |
4/1/2003 |
1.18 |
0.70 |
7/1/2003 |
1.63 |
1.58 |
10/1/2003 |
1.64 |
1.04 |
1/1/2004 |
2.46 |
1.92 |
4/1/2004 |
2.34 |
2.52 |
7/1/2004 |
1.48 |
1.69 |
10/1/2004 |
2.16 |
2.44 |
1/1/2005 |
2.79 |
2.49 |
4/1/2005 |
1.83 |
1.86 |
7/1/2005 |
1.49 |
1.32 |
10/1/2005 |
2.59 |
2.65 |
1/1/2006 |
2.26 |
2.50 |
4/1/2006 |
2.83 |
3.25 |
7/1/2006 |
2.14 |
2.71 |
10/1/2006 |
1.72 |
2.07 |
1/1/2007 |
2.88 |
2.33 |
4/1/2007 |
1.49 |
1.94 |
7/1/2007 |
1.94 |
2.05 |
10/1/2007 |
2.60 |
2.81 |
1/1/2008 |
2.22 |
2.65 |
4/1/2008 |
1.91 |
1.73 |
7/1/2008 |
1.87 |
2.56 |
10/1/2008 |
0.19 |
0.98 |
1/1/2009 |
0.37 |
1.68 |
4/1/2009 |
1.80 |
2.03 |
7/1/2009 |
1.41 |
1.18 |
10/1/2009 |
2.49 |
2.05 |
1/1/2010 |
1.16 |
0.06 |
4/1/2010 |
0.89 |
0.50 |
7/1/2010 |
0.53 |
0.96 |
10/1/2010 |
1.09 |
1.05 |
1/1/2011 |
1.89 |
1.88 |
4/1/2011 |
2.34 |
1.87 |
7/1/2011 |
1.92 |
2.72 |
10/1/2011 |
1.48 |
2.14 |
1/1/2012 |
2.62 |
2.10 |
4/1/2012 |
1.65 |
1.96 |
7/1/2012 |
1.13 |
1.80 |
10/1/2012 |
1.77 |
1.87 |
1/1/2013 |
1.58 |
2.02 |
4/1/2013 |
1.24 |
0.91 |
7/1/2013 |
1.54 |
2.13 |
10/1/2013 |
1.91 |
1.78 |
1/1/2014 |
1.32 |
1.55 |
4/1/2014 |
1.87 |
2.06 |
7/1/2014 |
1.47 |
1.64 |
10/1/2014 |
1.10 |
1.59 |
1/1/2015 |
0.73 |
1.40 |
4/1/2015 |
1.70 |
2.41 |
7/1/2015 |
1.35 |
1.97 |
10/1/2015 |
0.99 |
2.12 |
1/1/2016 |
1.65 |
2.25 |
4/1/2016 |
1.99 |
2.31 |
7/1/2016 |
1.94 |
2.11 |
10/1/2016 |
1.44 |
1.97 |
1/1/2017 |
1.64 |
2.05 |
4/1/2017 |
1.32 |
0.97 |
7/1/2017 |
1.46 |
1.71 |
10/1/2017 |
2.16 |
2.28 |
1/1/2018 |
2.26 |
2.61 |
4/1/2018 |
2.11 |
2.19 |
7/1/2018 |
1.55 |
1.86 |
10/1/2018 |
1.73 |
2.01 |
1/1/2019 |
1.05 |
2.21 |
4/1/2019 |
1.84 |
2.13 |
7/1/2019 |
2.09 |
2.77 |
10/1/2019 |
1.28 |
1.96 |
Panel B: HLW estimates of natural rate of interest using PCE or CPI inflation (percent annualized)
Date |
Core PCE inflation |
Core CPI inflation |
7/1/1961 |
5.57 |
5.68 |
10/1/1961 |
5.43 |
5.51 |
1/1/1962 |
5.15 |
5.23 |
4/1/1962 |
4.55 |
4.53 |
7/1/1962 |
4.37 |
4.37 |
10/1/1962 |
3.89 |
3.93 |
1/1/1963 |
3.86 |
3.93 |
4/1/1963 |
3.83 |
3.91 |
7/1/1963 |
4.13 |
4.21 |
10/1/1963 |
3.91 |
3.99 |
1/1/1964 |
4.17 |
4.25 |
4/1/1964 |
4.08 |
4.20 |
7/1/1964 |
4.15 |
4.28 |
10/1/1964 |
3.91 |
4.07 |
1/1/1965 |
4.25 |
4.38 |
4/1/1965 |
4.23 |
4.37 |
7/1/1965 |
4.46 |
4.57 |
10/1/1965 |
4.67 |
4.74 |
1/1/1966 |
4.90 |
4.91 |
4/1/1966 |
4.72 |
4.71 |
7/1/1966 |
4.71 |
4.69 |
10/1/1966 |
4.70 |
4.68 |
1/1/1967 |
4.61 |
4.66 |
4/1/1967 |
4.41 |
4.51 |
7/1/1967 |
4.46 |
4.54 |
10/1/1967 |
4.43 |
4.50 |
1/1/1968 |
4.68 |
4.67 |
4/1/1968 |
4.75 |
4.70 |
7/1/1968 |
4.61 |
4.61 |
10/1/1968 |
4.46 |
4.50 |
1/1/1969 |
4.54 |
4.58 |
4/1/1969 |
4.38 |
4.46 |
7/1/1969 |
4.31 |
4.41 |
10/1/1969 |
4.06 |
4.20 |
1/1/1970 |
3.90 |
4.10 |
4/1/1970 |
3.84 |
4.06 |
7/1/1970 |
3.90 |
4.07 |
10/1/1970 |
3.64 |
3.78 |
1/1/1971 |
4.04 |
4.03 |
4/1/1971 |
3.81 |
3.86 |
7/1/1971 |
3.59 |
3.74 |
10/1/1971 |
3.17 |
3.53 |
1/1/1972 |
3.41 |
3.65 |
4/1/1972 |
3.47 |
3.78 |
7/1/1972 |
3.35 |
3.68 |
10/1/1972 |
3.37 |
3.70 |
1/1/1973 |
3.61 |
3.88 |
4/1/1973 |
3.88 |
3.86 |
7/1/1973 |
3.65 |
3.63 |
10/1/1973 |
3.86 |
3.80 |
1/1/1974 |
3.80 |
3.62 |
4/1/1974 |
4.27 |
3.78 |
7/1/1974 |
4.37 |
3.76 |
10/1/1974 |
4.21 |
3.71 |
1/1/1975 |
3.64 |
3.40 |
4/1/1975 |
3.33 |
3.34 |
7/1/1975 |
3.27 |
3.33 |
10/1/1975 |
3.23 |
3.32 |
1/1/1976 |
3.31 |
3.45 |
4/1/1976 |
2.93 |
3.24 |
7/1/1976 |
2.90 |
3.13 |
10/1/1976 |
2.84 |
3.03 |
1/1/1977 |
2.95 |
3.06 |
4/1/1977 |
3.06 |
3.18 |
7/1/1977 |
3.20 |
3.22 |
10/1/1977 |
2.79 |
2.99 |
1/1/1978 |
2.69 |
2.95 |
4/1/1978 |
3.40 |
3.47 |
7/1/1978 |
3.31 |
3.45 |
10/1/1978 |
3.42 |
3.51 |
1/1/1979 |
3.00 |
3.41 |
4/1/1979 |
3.34 |
3.34 |
7/1/1979 |
3.28 |
3.42 |
10/1/1979 |
3.40 |
3.46 |
1/1/1980 |
3.68 |
3.59 |
4/1/1980 |
3.16 |
3.23 |
7/1/1980 |
3.22 |
2.92 |
10/1/1980 |
3.71 |
3.33 |
1/1/1981 |
3.85 |
3.37 |
4/1/1981 |
3.33 |
3.06 |
7/1/1981 |
3.45 |
3.41 |
10/1/1981 |
3.09 |
2.98 |
1/1/1982 |
2.56 |
2.54 |
4/1/1982 |
2.58 |
2.66 |
7/1/1982 |
2.62 |
2.51 |
10/1/1982 |
2.52 |
2.23 |
1/1/1983 |
2.66 |
2.32 |
4/1/1983 |
2.57 |
2.56 |
7/1/1983 |
3.11 |
2.74 |
10/1/1983 |
2.88 |
2.92 |
1/1/1984 |
3.09 |
3.07 |
4/1/1984 |
3.32 |
3.13 |
7/1/1984 |
3.16 |
3.10 |
10/1/1984 |
3.01 |
3.04 |
1/1/1985 |
3.47 |
3.07 |
4/1/1985 |
3.26 |
3.07 |
7/1/1985 |
3.49 |
3.15 |
10/1/1985 |
3.24 |
3.16 |
1/1/1986 |
3.43 |
3.17 |
4/1/1986 |
3.11 |
3.06 |
7/1/1986 |
3.09 |
3.11 |
10/1/1986 |
3.09 |
3.06 |
1/1/1987 |
2.94 |
3.02 |
4/1/1987 |
3.21 |
3.14 |
7/1/1987 |
3.22 |
3.10 |
10/1/1987 |
3.51 |
3.27 |
1/1/1988 |
3.41 |
3.16 |
4/1/1988 |
3.68 |
3.27 |
7/1/1988 |
3.61 |
3.20 |
10/1/1988 |
3.71 |
3.30 |
1/1/1989 |
3.71 |
3.30 |
4/1/1989 |
3.55 |
3.28 |
7/1/1989 |
3.38 |
3.26 |
10/1/1989 |
3.36 |
3.23 |
1/1/1990 |
3.66 |
3.35 |
4/1/1990 |
3.65 |
3.32 |
7/1/1990 |
3.50 |
3.29 |
10/1/1990 |
3.07 |
3.00 |
1/1/1991 |
2.90 |
2.94 |
4/1/1991 |
2.89 |
2.90 |
7/1/1991 |
2.93 |
2.87 |
10/1/1991 |
2.79 |
2.76 |
1/1/1992 |
2.85 |
2.78 |
4/1/1992 |
2.82 |
2.78 |
7/1/1992 |
2.69 |
2.72 |
10/1/1992 |
2.75 |
2.73 |
1/1/1993 |
2.53 |
2.57 |
4/1/1993 |
2.53 |
2.52 |
7/1/1993 |
2.31 |
2.39 |
10/1/1993 |
2.34 |
2.49 |
1/1/1994 |
2.25 |
2.45 |
4/1/1994 |
2.46 |
2.50 |
7/1/1994 |
2.33 |
2.44 |
10/1/1994 |
2.37 |
2.47 |
1/1/1995 |
2.28 |
2.43 |
4/1/1995 |
2.27 |
2.39 |
7/1/1995 |
2.29 |
2.41 |
10/1/1995 |
2.34 |
2.42 |
1/1/1996 |
2.30 |
2.43 |
4/1/1996 |
2.57 |
2.56 |
7/1/1996 |
2.58 |
2.57 |
10/1/1996 |
2.74 |
2.60 |
1/1/1997 |
2.62 |
2.55 |
4/1/1997 |
2.89 |
2.71 |
7/1/1997 |
2.76 |
2.70 |
10/1/1997 |
2.77 |
2.71 |
1/1/1998 |
2.79 |
2.75 |
4/1/1998 |
2.82 |
2.76 |
7/1/1998 |
2.98 |
2.85 |
10/1/1998 |
3.13 |
2.96 |
1/1/1999 |
3.14 |
2.91 |
4/1/1999 |
3.12 |
2.88 |
7/1/1999 |
3.23 |
2.96 |
10/1/1999 |
3.48 |
3.09 |
1/1/2000 |
3.44 |
3.01 |
4/1/2000 |
3.52 |
3.18 |
7/1/2000 |
3.41 |
3.05 |
10/1/2000 |
3.43 |
3.03 |
1/1/2001 |
3.32 |
2.91 |
4/1/2001 |
3.24 |
2.92 |
7/1/2001 |
2.91 |
2.77 |
10/1/2001 |
2.97 |
2.73 |
1/1/2002 |
2.86 |
2.73 |
4/1/2002 |
2.98 |
2.66 |
7/1/2002 |
2.85 |
2.57 |
10/1/2002 |
2.58 |
2.42 |
1/1/2003 |
2.39 |
2.33 |
4/1/2003 |
2.35 |
2.26 |
7/1/2003 |
2.56 |
2.40 |
10/1/2003 |
2.57 |
2.36 |
1/1/2004 |
2.61 |
2.31 |
4/1/2004 |
2.59 |
2.34 |
7/1/2004 |
2.42 |
2.30 |
10/1/2004 |
2.49 |
2.35 |
1/1/2005 |
2.62 |
2.38 |
4/1/2005 |
2.36 |
2.25 |
7/1/2005 |
2.28 |
2.22 |
10/1/2005 |
2.40 |
2.25 |
1/1/2006 |
2.49 |
2.35 |
4/1/2006 |
2.49 |
2.32 |
7/1/2006 |
2.31 |
2.24 |
10/1/2006 |
2.28 |
2.25 |
1/1/2007 |
2.40 |
2.19 |
4/1/2007 |
2.19 |
2.16 |
7/1/2007 |
2.24 |
2.15 |
10/1/2007 |
2.38 |
2.21 |
1/1/2008 |
2.10 |
2.03 |
4/1/2008 |
2.08 |
2.00 |
7/1/2008 |
1.81 |
1.86 |
10/1/2008 |
0.90 |
1.33 |
1/1/2009 |
0.58 |
1.17 |
4/1/2009 |
0.75 |
1.16 |
7/1/2009 |
0.74 |
1.11 |
10/1/2009 |
1.11 |
1.25 |
1/1/2010 |
0.85 |
1.04 |
4/1/2010 |
0.79 |
1.04 |
7/1/2010 |
0.65 |
1.04 |
10/1/2010 |
0.64 |
0.99 |
1/1/2011 |
0.62 |
0.91 |
4/1/2011 |
0.82 |
0.97 |
7/1/2011 |
0.68 |
0.94 |
10/1/2011 |
0.74 |
1.03 |
1/1/2012 |
0.93 |
1.03 |
4/1/2012 |
0.71 |
0.95 |
7/1/2012 |
0.47 |
0.84 |
10/1/2012 |
0.45 |
0.76 |
1/1/2013 |
0.49 |
0.83 |
4/1/2013 |
0.32 |
0.66 |
7/1/2013 |
0.42 |
0.76 |
10/1/2013 |
0.53 |
0.77 |
1/1/2014 |
0.25 |
0.60 |
4/1/2014 |
0.53 |
0.78 |
7/1/2014 |
0.57 |
0.83 |
10/1/2014 |
0.43 |
0.78 |
1/1/2015 |
0.35 |
0.77 |
4/1/2015 |
0.50 |
0.83 |
7/1/2015 |
0.40 |
0.76 |
10/1/2015 |
0.23 |
0.68 |
1/1/2016 |
0.35 |
0.70 |
4/1/2016 |
0.43 |
0.69 |
7/1/2016 |
0.46 |
0.68 |
10/1/2016 |
0.37 |
0.65 |
1/1/2017 |
0.38 |
0.64 |
4/1/2017 |
0.30 |
0.55 |
7/1/2017 |
0.35 |
0.60 |
10/1/2017 |
0.54 |
0.68 |
1/1/2018 |
0.60 |
0.71 |
4/1/2018 |
0.66 |
0.75 |
7/1/2018 |
0.58 |
0.73 |
10/1/2018 |
0.50 |
0.67 |
1/1/2019 |
0.41 |
0.72 |
4/1/2019 |
0.51 |
0.71 |
7/1/2019 |
0.59 |
0.76 |
10/1/2019 |
0.48 |
0.72 |
Return to text
Figure 2. Proxies of short- and long-run inflation expectations.
Panel A: Short-run inflation expectations (percent)
Date |
HLW |
Livingston |
1/1/1960 |
2.09 |
0.94 |
4/1/1960 |
1.76 |
0.70 |
7/1/1960 |
1.21 |
0.55 |
10/1/1960 |
1.09 |
0.59 |
1/1/1961 |
0.87 |
0.68 |
4/1/1961 |
0.97 |
0.88 |
7/1/1961 |
1.51 |
1.02 |
10/1/1961 |
1.29 |
1.05 |
1/1/1962 |
1.29 |
1.07 |
4/1/1962 |
1.39 |
1.06 |
7/1/1962 |
1.28 |
1.06 |
10/1/1962 |
1.17 |
1.05 |
1/1/1963 |
1.16 |
1.05 |
4/1/1963 |
1.16 |
1.05 |
7/1/1963 |
1.26 |
1.05 |
10/1/1963 |
1.57 |
1.04 |
1/1/1964 |
1.88 |
1.08 |
4/1/1964 |
1.56 |
1.19 |
7/1/1964 |
1.35 |
1.26 |
10/1/1964 |
1.34 |
1.21 |
1/1/1965 |
1.23 |
1.14 |
4/1/1965 |
1.44 |
1.02 |
7/1/1965 |
1.33 |
1.06 |
10/1/1965 |
1.33 |
1.40 |
1/1/1966 |
1.42 |
1.68 |
4/1/1966 |
2.12 |
1.81 |
7/1/1966 |
2.91 |
1.96 |
10/1/1966 |
3.39 |
2.13 |
1/1/1967 |
3.47 |
2.26 |
4/1/1967 |
3.24 |
2.33 |
7/1/1967 |
3.40 |
2.44 |
10/1/1967 |
3.47 |
2.66 |
1/1/1968 |
4.10 |
2.82 |
4/1/1968 |
4.35 |
2.88 |
7/1/1968 |
4.67 |
2.91 |
10/1/1968 |
5.07 |
2.87 |
1/1/1969 |
5.19 |
2.95 |
4/1/1969 |
5.75 |
3.25 |
7/1/1969 |
5.76 |
3.45 |
10/1/1969 |
5.68 |
3.43 |
1/1/1970 |
5.86 |
3.51 |
4/1/1970 |
6.10 |
3.77 |
7/1/1970 |
6.02 |
3.92 |
10/1/1970 |
6.26 |
3.84 |
1/1/1971 |
5.69 |
3.85 |
4/1/1971 |
4.89 |
4.01 |
7/1/1971 |
4.45 |
3.95 |
10/1/1971 |
3.38 |
3.42 |
1/1/1972 |
3.27 |
3.17 |
4/1/1972 |
3.01 |
3.45 |
7/1/1972 |
2.90 |
3.62 |
10/1/1972 |
2.89 |
3.55 |
1/1/1973 |
2.79 |
3.61 |
4/1/1973 |
3.07 |
3.92 |
7/1/1973 |
3.33 |
4.31 |
10/1/1973 |
4.47 |
4.87 |
1/1/1974 |
5.29 |
5.55 |
4/1/1974 |
6.83 |
6.44 |
7/1/1974 |
9.18 |
7.05 |
10/1/1974 |
10.41 |
7.09 |
1/1/1975 |
10.94 |
6.87 |
4/1/1975 |
9.94 |
6.10 |
7/1/1975 |
7.87 |
5.64 |
10/1/1975 |
6.68 |
5.80 |
1/1/1976 |
6.44 |
5.88 |
4/1/1976 |
6.22 |
5.79 |
7/1/1976 |
6.54 |
5.65 |
10/1/1976 |
6.21 |
5.42 |
1/1/1977 |
5.98 |
5.39 |
4/1/1977 |
6.24 |
5.76 |
7/1/1977 |
6.03 |
6.05 |
10/1/1977 |
6.01 |
6.16 |
1/1/1978 |
6.13 |
6.31 |
4/1/1978 |
6.54 |
6.53 |
7/1/1978 |
7.26 |
6.78 |
10/1/1978 |
8.11 |
7.06 |
1/1/1979 |
8.65 |
7.48 |
4/1/1979 |
8.96 |
8.18 |
7/1/1979 |
9.37 |
8.80 |
10/1/1979 |
10.17 |
9.25 |
1/1/1980 |
11.51 |
9.57 |
4/1/1980 |
12.47 |
9.62 |
7/1/1980 |
11.40 |
9.75 |
10/1/1980 |
11.48 |
10.03 |
1/1/1981 |
10.16 |
9.90 |
4/1/1981 |
9.06 |
8.98 |
7/1/1981 |
10.89 |
8.19 |
10/1/1981 |
9.75 |
7.68 |
1/1/1982 |
8.65 |
7.05 |
4/1/1982 |
8.30 |
6.19 |
7/1/1982 |
6.65 |
5.50 |
10/1/1982 |
5.06 |
5.17 |
1/1/1983 |
4.46 |
4.92 |
4/1/1983 |
3.60 |
4.83 |
7/1/1983 |
3.18 |
4.85 |
10/1/1983 |
4.12 |
5.09 |
1/1/1984 |
4.89 |
5.31 |
4/1/1984 |
5.12 |
5.47 |
7/1/1984 |
5.13 |
5.39 |
10/1/1984 |
4.84 |
4.81 |
1/1/1985 |
4.56 |
4.43 |
4/1/1985 |
4.39 |
4.41 |
7/1/1985 |
4.03 |
4.30 |
10/1/1985 |
4.17 |
4.01 |
1/1/1986 |
4.16 |
3.78 |
4/1/1986 |
3.94 |
3.67 |
7/1/1986 |
3.99 |
3.61 |
10/1/1986 |
3.80 |
3.62 |
1/1/1987 |
3.53 |
3.76 |
4/1/1987 |
3.90 |
4.13 |
7/1/1987 |
3.89 |
4.34 |
10/1/1987 |
4.08 |
4.21 |
1/1/1988 |
4.24 |
4.20 |
4/1/1988 |
4.24 |
4.39 |
7/1/1988 |
4.42 |
4.55 |
10/1/1988 |
4.48 |
4.65 |
1/1/1989 |
4.57 |
4.73 |
4/1/1989 |
4.44 |
4.77 |
7/1/1989 |
4.29 |
4.66 |
10/1/1989 |
4.29 |
4.27 |
1/1/1990 |
4.49 |
4.03 |
4/1/1990 |
4.72 |
4.10 |
7/1/1990 |
5.24 |
4.08 |
10/1/1990 |
5.18 |
3.90 |
1/1/1991 |
5.35 |
3.78 |
4/1/1991 |
4.96 |
3.79 |
7/1/1991 |
4.56 |
3.72 |
10/1/1991 |
4.35 |
3.52 |
1/1/1992 |
3.79 |
3.41 |
4/1/1992 |
3.75 |
3.46 |
7/1/1992 |
3.44 |
3.43 |
10/1/1992 |
3.41 |
3.26 |
1/1/1993 |
3.40 |
3.17 |
4/1/1993 |
3.37 |
3.26 |
7/1/1993 |
3.19 |
3.25 |
10/1/1993 |
3.08 |
3.03 |
1/1/1994 |
2.86 |
2.94 |
4/1/1994 |
2.71 |
3.13 |
7/1/1994 |
2.86 |
3.28 |
10/1/1994 |
2.71 |
3.37 |
1/1/1995 |
2.91 |
3.41 |
4/1/1995 |
3.03 |
3.36 |
7/1/1995 |
2.95 |
3.24 |
10/1/1995 |
3.01 |
3.00 |
1/1/1996 |
2.84 |
2.84 |
4/1/1996 |
2.62 |
2.84 |
7/1/1996 |
2.60 |
2.85 |
10/1/1996 |
2.55 |
2.89 |
1/1/1997 |
2.45 |
2.91 |
4/1/1997 |
2.49 |
2.88 |
7/1/1997 |
2.28 |
2.79 |
10/1/1997 |
2.21 |
2.59 |
1/1/1998 |
2.24 |
2.45 |
4/1/1998 |
2.16 |
2.42 |
7/1/1998 |
2.33 |
2.37 |
10/1/1998 |
2.31 |
2.26 |
1/1/1999 |
2.15 |
2.24 |
4/1/1999 |
2.06 |
2.38 |
7/1/1999 |
1.99 |
2.45 |
10/1/1999 |
2.00 |
2.38 |
1/1/2000 |
2.22 |
2.37 |
4/1/2000 |
2.37 |
2.45 |
7/1/2000 |
2.51 |
2.49 |
10/1/2000 |
2.55 |
2.47 |
1/1/2001 |
2.62 |
2.46 |
4/1/2001 |
2.60 |
2.45 |
7/1/2001 |
2.62 |
2.38 |
10/1/2001 |
2.68 |
2.21 |
1/1/2002 |
2.50 |
2.11 |
4/1/2002 |
2.40 |
2.16 |
7/1/2002 |
2.24 |
2.18 |
10/1/2002 |
2.04 |
2.13 |
1/1/2003 |
1.82 |
2.04 |
4/1/2003 |
1.48 |
1.87 |
7/1/2003 |
1.35 |
1.80 |
10/1/2003 |
1.16 |
1.94 |
1/1/2004 |
1.31 |
2.05 |
4/1/2004 |
1.76 |
2.07 |
7/1/2004 |
1.79 |
2.06 |
10/1/2004 |
2.14 |
1.97 |
1/1/2005 |
2.28 |
1.95 |
4/1/2005 |
2.12 |
2.08 |
7/1/2005 |
2.03 |
2.11 |
10/1/2005 |
2.08 |
1.95 |
1/1/2006 |
2.08 |
1.93 |
4/1/2006 |
2.43 |
2.19 |
7/1/2006 |
2.78 |
2.43 |
10/1/2006 |
2.63 |
2.60 |
1/1/2007 |
2.59 |
2.66 |
4/1/2007 |
2.26 |
2.50 |
7/1/2007 |
2.10 |
2.45 |
10/1/2007 |
2.28 |
2.64 |
1/1/2008 |
2.36 |
2.77 |
4/1/2008 |
2.31 |
2.79 |
7/1/2008 |
2.44 |
2.49 |
10/1/2008 |
1.98 |
1.56 |
1/1/2009 |
1.74 |
1.07 |
4/1/2009 |
1.81 |
1.47 |
7/1/2009 |
1.47 |
1.75 |
10/1/2009 |
1.74 |
1.79 |
1/1/2010 |
1.33 |
1.78 |
4/1/2010 |
0.95 |
1.65 |
7/1/2010 |
0.89 |
1.57 |
10/1/2010 |
0.64 |
1.56 |
1/1/2011 |
1.10 |
1.61 |
4/1/2011 |
1.44 |
1.79 |
7/1/2011 |
1.88 |
1.92 |
10/1/2011 |
2.15 |
1.96 |
1/1/2012 |
2.21 |
1.98 |
4/1/2012 |
2.23 |
1.97 |
7/1/2012 |
2.00 |
1.96 |
10/1/2012 |
1.93 |
1.92 |
1/1/2013 |
1.91 |
1.94 |
4/1/2013 |
1.65 |
2.10 |
7/1/2013 |
1.73 |
2.16 |
10/1/2013 |
1.71 |
2.02 |
1/1/2014 |
1.59 |
1.93 |
4/1/2014 |
1.88 |
1.97 |
7/1/2014 |
1.76 |
1.96 |
10/1/2014 |
1.71 |
1.83 |
1/1/2015 |
1.67 |
1.80 |
4/1/2015 |
1.76 |
1.97 |
7/1/2015 |
1.84 |
2.07 |
10/1/2015 |
1.97 |
2.02 |
1/1/2016 |
2.19 |
1.99 |
4/1/2016 |
2.16 |
2.03 |
7/1/2016 |
2.20 |
2.09 |
10/1/2016 |
2.16 |
2.20 |
1/1/2017 |
2.11 |
2.28 |
4/1/2017 |
1.78 |
2.27 |
7/1/2017 |
1.68 |
2.25 |
10/1/2017 |
1.75 |
2.23 |
1/1/2018 |
1.89 |
2.22 |
4/1/2018 |
2.20 |
2.21 |
7/1/2018 |
2.23 |
2.20 |
10/1/2018 |
2.17 |
2.17 |
1/1/2019 |
2.07 |
2.10 |
4/1/2019 |
2.05 |
1.94 |
7/1/2019 |
2.28 |
1.86 |
10/1/2019 |
2.27 |
1.95 |
Panel B: Long-run inflation expectations (percent)
Date |
HLW |
BCS |
1/1/1960 |
1.92 |
|
4/1/1960 |
2.21 |
|
7/1/1960 |
2.05 |
|
10/1/1960 |
1.75 |
|
1/1/1961 |
0.73 |
|
4/1/1961 |
0.87 |
1.68 |
7/1/1961 |
0.87 |
1.68 |
10/1/1961 |
1.44 |
1.68 |
1/1/1962 |
1.29 |
1.68 |
4/1/1962 |
1.43 |
1.68 |
7/1/1962 |
1.29 |
1.68 |
10/1/1962 |
1.28 |
1.68 |
1/1/1963 |
1.28 |
1.68 |
4/1/1963 |
1.27 |
1.68 |
7/1/1963 |
0.99 |
1.68 |
10/1/1963 |
1.13 |
1.68 |
1/1/1964 |
1.40 |
1.68 |
4/1/1964 |
1.82 |
1.68 |
7/1/1964 |
1.95 |
1.68 |
10/1/1964 |
1.53 |
1.68 |
1/1/1965 |
1.10 |
1.68 |
4/1/1965 |
1.10 |
1.68 |
7/1/1965 |
1.51 |
1.68 |
10/1/1965 |
1.64 |
1.68 |
1/1/1966 |
1.09 |
1.68 |
4/1/1966 |
1.22 |
1.68 |
7/1/1966 |
1.48 |
1.68 |
10/1/1966 |
2.69 |
1.68 |
1/1/1967 |
3.20 |
1.68 |
4/1/1967 |
3.85 |
1.68 |
7/1/1967 |
3.29 |
1.68 |
10/1/1967 |
3.13 |
1.68 |
1/1/1968 |
3.22 |
1.68 |
4/1/1968 |
3.84 |
1.68 |
7/1/1968 |
4.43 |
2.52 |
10/1/1968 |
4.39 |
2.52 |
1/1/1969 |
4.82 |
2.52 |
4/1/1969 |
5.13 |
2.62 |
7/1/1969 |
5.55 |
2.68 |
10/1/1969 |
5.84 |
2.68 |
1/1/1970 |
5.74 |
2.68 |
4/1/1970 |
5.79 |
2.68 |
7/1/1970 |
5.71 |
2.84 |
10/1/1970 |
6.29 |
3.1 |
1/1/1971 |
6.19 |
3.1 |
4/1/1971 |
6.31 |
3.1 |
7/1/1971 |
5.16 |
3.1 |
10/1/1971 |
4.79 |
3.49 |
1/1/1972 |
3.78 |
3.49 |
4/1/1972 |
3.23 |
3.49 |
7/1/1972 |
2.99 |
3.49 |
10/1/1972 |
2.87 |
3.92 |
1/1/1973 |
3.15 |
3.92 |
4/1/1973 |
2.73 |
3.92 |
7/1/1973 |
2.71 |
3.92 |
10/1/1973 |
3.08 |
3.92 |
1/1/1974 |
3.73 |
4.21 |
4/1/1974 |
4.97 |
4.89 |
7/1/1974 |
5.67 |
5.07 |
10/1/1974 |
7.75 |
5.07 |
1/1/1975 |
10.01 |
5.07 |
4/1/1975 |
11.79 |
5.1 |
7/1/1975 |
11.16 |
5.14 |
10/1/1975 |
8.76 |
5.14 |
1/1/1976 |
6.63 |
4.88 |
4/1/1976 |
6.11 |
4.4 |
7/1/1976 |
6.48 |
4.5 |
10/1/1976 |
6.56 |
4.5 |
1/1/1977 |
6.44 |
4.5 |
4/1/1977 |
5.80 |
4.62 |
7/1/1977 |
6.17 |
4.85 |
10/1/1977 |
6.16 |
4.85 |
1/1/1978 |
6.21 |
5.04 |
4/1/1978 |
5.83 |
5.42 |
7/1/1978 |
6.02 |
5.42 |
10/1/1978 |
6.84 |
5.66 |
1/1/1979 |
7.88 |
6.15 |
4/1/1979 |
8.48 |
6.15 |
7/1/1979 |
8.83 |
6.72 |
10/1/1979 |
9.10 |
6.72 |
1/1/1980 |
9.56 |
6.72 |
4/1/1980 |
10.50 |
6.72 |
7/1/1980 |
12.23 |
6.72 |
10/1/1980 |
13.22 |
7.05 |
1/1/1981 |
11.20 |
7.72 |
4/1/1981 |
10.46 |
7.37 |
7/1/1981 |
9.16 |
7.12 |
10/1/1981 |
10.10 |
7.23 |
1/1/1982 |
10.42 |
6.66 |
4/1/1982 |
9.92 |
6.26 |
7/1/1982 |
8.62 |
6.27 |
10/1/1982 |
6.65 |
6.1 |
1/1/1983 |
6.28 |
5.82 |
4/1/1983 |
5.13 |
6.08 |
7/1/1983 |
3.49 |
6.13 |
10/1/1983 |
2.59 |
6.15 |
1/1/1984 |
3.78 |
6.08 |
4/1/1984 |
4.68 |
6 |
7/1/1984 |
5.20 |
5.55 |
10/1/1984 |
5.19 |
5.2 |
1/1/1985 |
5.11 |
4.85 |
4/1/1985 |
4.63 |
4.98 |
7/1/1985 |
4.45 |
5.2 |
10/1/1985 |
4.20 |
5.11 |
1/1/1986 |
4.03 |
4.78 |
4/1/1986 |
4.11 |
4.75 |
7/1/1986 |
4.14 |
4.62 |
10/1/1986 |
4.07 |
4.61 |
1/1/1987 |
3.79 |
4.78 |
4/1/1987 |
3.63 |
4.8 |
7/1/1987 |
3.61 |
4.98 |
10/1/1987 |
3.96 |
4.64 |
1/1/1988 |
3.91 |
4.74 |
4/1/1988 |
4.36 |
4.55 |
7/1/1988 |
4.06 |
4.42 |
10/1/1988 |
4.42 |
4.17 |
1/1/1989 |
4.36 |
4.19 |
4/1/1989 |
4.68 |
4.24 |
7/1/1989 |
4.49 |
4.03 |
10/1/1989 |
4.44 |
3.81 |
1/1/1990 |
4.11 |
3.56 |
4/1/1990 |
4.31 |
3.77 |
7/1/1990 |
4.57 |
3.89 |
10/1/1990 |
5.02 |
3.966666667 |
1/1/1991 |
5.38 |
3.8 |
4/1/1991 |
5.22 |
3.8 |
7/1/1991 |
5.40 |
3.8 |
10/1/1991 |
4.65 |
3.8 |
1/1/1992 |
4.55 |
3.8 |
4/1/1992 |
3.88 |
3.8 |
7/1/1992 |
3.85 |
3.8 |
10/1/1992 |
3.57 |
3.733333333 |
1/1/1993 |
3.35 |
3.7 |
4/1/1993 |
3.38 |
3.7 |
7/1/1993 |
3.38 |
3.7 |
10/1/1993 |
3.47 |
3.7 |
1/1/1994 |
3.06 |
3.7 |
4/1/1994 |
2.95 |
3.566666667 |
7/1/1994 |
2.70 |
3.5 |
10/1/1994 |
2.82 |
3.5 |
1/1/1995 |
2.77 |
3.5 |
4/1/1995 |
2.75 |
3.3 |
7/1/1995 |
2.96 |
3.2 |
10/1/1995 |
3.05 |
3.066666667 |
1/1/1996 |
3.08 |
3 |
4/1/1996 |
2.89 |
3 |
7/1/1996 |
2.71 |
3 |
10/1/1996 |
2.61 |
2.866666667 |
1/1/1997 |
2.54 |
2.8 |
4/1/1997 |
2.50 |
2.866666667 |
7/1/1997 |
2.48 |
2.9 |
10/1/1997 |
2.47 |
2.9 |
1/1/1998 |
2.19 |
2.9 |
4/1/1998 |
2.18 |
2.766666667 |
7/1/1998 |
2.14 |
2.7 |
10/1/1998 |
2.31 |
2.633333333 |
1/1/1999 |
2.34 |
2.6 |
4/1/1999 |
2.28 |
2.533333333 |
7/1/1999 |
2.12 |
2.5 |
10/1/1999 |
1.96 |
2.566666667 |
1/1/2000 |
1.91 |
2.6 |
4/1/2000 |
2.08 |
2.666666667 |
7/1/2000 |
2.32 |
2.7 |
10/1/2000 |
2.46 |
2.633333333 |
1/1/2001 |
2.59 |
2.6 |
4/1/2001 |
2.52 |
2.533333333 |
7/1/2001 |
2.65 |
2.5 |
10/1/2001 |
2.59 |
2.5 |
1/1/2002 |
2.69 |
2.5 |
4/1/2002 |
2.60 |
2.5 |
7/1/2002 |
2.52 |
2.5 |
10/1/2002 |
2.29 |
2.433333333 |
1/1/2003 |
2.11 |
2.4 |
4/1/2003 |
1.99 |
2.333333333 |
7/1/2003 |
1.74 |
2.3 |
10/1/2003 |
1.28 |
2.3 |
1/1/2004 |
1.20 |
2.3 |
4/1/2004 |
1.11 |
2.433333333 |
7/1/2004 |
1.51 |
2.5 |
10/1/2004 |
1.83 |
2.433333333 |
1/1/2005 |
2.04 |
2.4 |
4/1/2005 |
2.21 |
2.4 |
7/1/2005 |
2.20 |
2.4 |
10/1/2005 |
2.26 |
2.4 |
1/1/2006 |
1.89 |
2.4 |
4/1/2006 |
1.94 |
2.333333333 |
7/1/2006 |
2.16 |
2.3 |
10/1/2006 |
2.80 |
2.166666667 |
1/1/2007 |
2.82 |
2.1 |
4/1/2007 |
2.68 |
2.166666667 |
7/1/2007 |
2.37 |
2.2 |
10/1/2007 |
2.11 |
2.2 |
1/1/2008 |
2.11 |
2.2 |
4/1/2008 |
2.27 |
2.133333333 |
7/1/2008 |
2.50 |
2.1 |
10/1/2008 |
2.40 |
2.366666667 |
1/1/2009 |
2.31 |
2.5 |
4/1/2009 |
1.76 |
2.433333333 |
7/1/2009 |
1.74 |
2.4 |
10/1/2009 |
1.56 |
2.333333333 |
1/1/2010 |
1.63 |
2.3 |
4/1/2010 |
1.75 |
2.3 |
7/1/2010 |
1.10 |
2.3 |
10/1/2010 |
0.87 |
2.233333333 |
1/1/2011 |
0.51 |
2.2 |
4/1/2011 |
0.84 |
2.2 |
7/1/2011 |
1.30 |
2.2 |
10/1/2011 |
1.60 |
2.266666667 |
1/1/2012 |
2.16 |
2.3 |
4/1/2012 |
2.24 |
2.366666667 |
7/1/2012 |
2.32 |
2.4 |
10/1/2012 |
2.06 |
2.266666667 |
1/1/2013 |
1.95 |
2.2 |
4/1/2013 |
1.87 |
2.266666667 |
7/1/2013 |
1.89 |
2.3 |
10/1/2013 |
1.60 |
2.233333333 |
1/1/2014 |
1.68 |
2.2 |
4/1/2014 |
1.61 |
2.2 |
7/1/2014 |
1.82 |
2.2 |
10/1/2014 |
1.80 |
2.2 |
1/1/2015 |
1.75 |
2.2 |
4/1/2015 |
1.77 |
2.266666667 |
7/1/2015 |
1.55 |
2.3 |
10/1/2015 |
1.80 |
2.3 |
1/1/2016 |
1.93 |
2.3 |
4/1/2016 |
2.17 |
2.233333333 |
7/1/2016 |
2.11 |
2.2 |
10/1/2016 |
2.22 |
2.266666667 |
1/1/2017 |
2.22 |
2.3 |
4/1/2017 |
2.13 |
2.233333333 |
7/1/2017 |
2.04 |
2.2 |
10/1/2017 |
1.66 |
2.2 |
1/1/2018 |
1.58 |
2.2 |
4/1/2018 |
1.65 |
2.2 |
7/1/2018 |
2.20 |
2.2 |
10/1/2018 |
2.36 |
2.133333333 |
1/1/2019 |
2.22 |
2.1 |
4/1/2019 |
2.02 |
2.1 |
7/1/2019 |
2.03 |
2.1 |
10/1/2019 |
2.12 |
2.1 |
Return to text
Figure 3. Real rates and inflation gaps.
Panel A: Ex-ante real short rate (percent)
Date |
HLW |
Survey-based, Livingston |
1/1/1960 |
2.05 |
3.20 |
4/1/1960 |
2.26 |
3.32 |
7/1/1960 |
2.12 |
2.78 |
10/1/1960 |
2.00 |
2.50 |
1/1/1961 |
2.21 |
2.41 |
4/1/1961 |
2.11 |
2.21 |
7/1/1961 |
1.58 |
2.07 |
10/1/1961 |
1.80 |
2.04 |
1/1/1962 |
1.80 |
2.02 |
4/1/1962 |
1.69 |
2.02 |
7/1/1962 |
1.81 |
2.03 |
10/1/1962 |
1.92 |
2.03 |
1/1/1963 |
1.92 |
2.04 |
4/1/1963 |
1.93 |
2.04 |
7/1/1963 |
2.26 |
2.47 |
10/1/1963 |
2.04 |
2.57 |
1/1/1964 |
1.73 |
2.53 |
4/1/1964 |
2.05 |
2.42 |
7/1/1964 |
2.26 |
2.36 |
10/1/1964 |
2.49 |
2.62 |
1/1/1965 |
2.88 |
2.97 |
4/1/1965 |
2.78 |
3.20 |
7/1/1965 |
2.89 |
3.16 |
10/1/1965 |
2.99 |
2.92 |
1/1/1966 |
3.31 |
3.05 |
4/1/1966 |
2.99 |
3.30 |
7/1/1966 |
2.73 |
3.68 |
10/1/1966 |
2.41 |
3.67 |
1/1/1967 |
1.53 |
2.74 |
4/1/1967 |
0.89 |
1.80 |
7/1/1967 |
0.62 |
1.58 |
10/1/1967 |
0.86 |
1.67 |
1/1/1968 |
0.88 |
2.15 |
4/1/1968 |
1.90 |
3.37 |
7/1/1968 |
1.54 |
3.30 |
10/1/1968 |
1.11 |
3.31 |
1/1/1969 |
1.69 |
3.93 |
4/1/1969 |
3.06 |
5.56 |
7/1/1969 |
3.77 |
6.09 |
10/1/1969 |
3.80 |
6.06 |
1/1/1970 |
3.20 |
5.56 |
4/1/1970 |
2.22 |
4.54 |
7/1/1970 |
1.02 |
3.11 |
10/1/1970 |
-0.45 |
1.96 |
1/1/1971 |
-1.69 |
0.15 |
4/1/1971 |
-0.16 |
0.73 |
7/1/1971 |
1.26 |
1.76 |
10/1/1971 |
1.56 |
1.51 |
1/1/1972 |
0.39 |
0.49 |
4/1/1972 |
1.45 |
1.01 |
7/1/1972 |
2.02 |
1.30 |
10/1/1972 |
2.46 |
1.80 |
1/1/1973 |
4.06 |
3.24 |
4/1/1973 |
5.18 |
4.33 |
7/1/1973 |
7.97 |
6.99 |
10/1/1973 |
6.20 |
5.79 |
1/1/1974 |
4.63 |
4.38 |
4/1/1974 |
5.25 |
5.64 |
7/1/1974 |
3.87 |
5.99 |
10/1/1974 |
-0.47 |
2.84 |
1/1/1975 |
-4.34 |
-0.26 |
4/1/1975 |
-4.30 |
-0.45 |
7/1/1975 |
-1.42 |
0.80 |
10/1/1975 |
-1.04 |
-0.16 |
1/1/1976 |
-1.42 |
-0.86 |
4/1/1976 |
-0.81 |
-0.38 |
7/1/1976 |
-1.04 |
-0.15 |
10/1/1976 |
-1.14 |
-0.36 |
1/1/1977 |
-1.15 |
-0.56 |
4/1/1977 |
-0.87 |
-0.39 |
7/1/1977 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
10/1/1977 |
0.82 |
0.66 |
1/1/1978 |
0.96 |
0.78 |
4/1/1978 |
1.12 |
1.13 |
7/1/1978 |
1.29 |
1.78 |
10/1/1978 |
2.09 |
3.14 |
1/1/1979 |
2.10 |
3.27 |
4/1/1979 |
1.91 |
2.69 |
7/1/1979 |
2.36 |
2.93 |
10/1/1979 |
4.59 |
5.51 |
1/1/1980 |
4.99 |
6.93 |
4/1/1980 |
1.24 |
4.08 |
7/1/1980 |
-0.92 |
0.72 |
10/1/1980 |
5.96 |
7.41 |
1/1/1981 |
8.16 |
8.41 |
4/1/1981 |
10.70 |
10.78 |
7/1/1981 |
8.64 |
11.33 |
10/1/1981 |
5.02 |
7.09 |
1/1/1982 |
6.84 |
8.44 |
4/1/1982 |
7.55 |
9.66 |
7/1/1982 |
5.16 |
6.31 |
10/1/1982 |
4.82 |
4.70 |
1/1/1983 |
4.72 |
4.25 |
4/1/1983 |
5.73 |
4.50 |
7/1/1983 |
6.89 |
5.22 |
10/1/1983 |
5.91 |
4.94 |
1/1/1984 |
5.44 |
5.02 |
4/1/1984 |
6.17 |
5.82 |
7/1/1984 |
7.11 |
6.85 |
10/1/1984 |
5.00 |
5.03 |
1/1/1985 |
4.41 |
4.55 |
4/1/1985 |
3.98 |
3.95 |
7/1/1985 |
4.31 |
4.04 |
10/1/1985 |
4.39 |
4.56 |
1/1/1986 |
4.10 |
4.48 |
4/1/1986 |
3.33 |
3.60 |
7/1/1986 |
2.51 |
2.89 |
10/1/1986 |
2.76 |
2.94 |
1/1/1987 |
2.98 |
2.76 |
4/1/1987 |
3.08 |
2.85 |
7/1/1987 |
3.29 |
2.84 |
10/1/1987 |
3.19 |
3.05 |
1/1/1988 |
2.75 |
2.80 |
4/1/1988 |
3.28 |
3.13 |
7/1/1988 |
4.01 |
3.87 |
10/1/1988 |
4.49 |
4.31 |
1/1/1989 |
5.48 |
5.32 |
4/1/1989 |
5.93 |
5.60 |
7/1/1989 |
5.36 |
4.99 |
10/1/1989 |
4.84 |
4.86 |
1/1/1990 |
4.23 |
4.69 |
4/1/1990 |
4.00 |
4.62 |
7/1/1990 |
3.39 |
4.54 |
10/1/1990 |
2.99 |
4.27 |
1/1/1991 |
1.39 |
2.96 |
4/1/1991 |
1.17 |
2.34 |
7/1/1991 |
1.33 |
2.17 |
10/1/1991 |
0.66 |
1.48 |
1/1/1992 |
0.38 |
0.76 |
4/1/1992 |
0.15 |
0.44 |
7/1/1992 |
-0.08 |
-0.07 |
10/1/1992 |
-0.28 |
-0.13 |
1/1/1993 |
-0.27 |
-0.04 |
4/1/1993 |
-0.28 |
-0.17 |
7/1/1993 |
-0.04 |
-0.10 |
10/1/1993 |
0.00 |
0.05 |
1/1/1994 |
0.45 |
0.37 |
4/1/1994 |
1.37 |
0.95 |
7/1/1994 |
1.79 |
1.37 |
10/1/1994 |
2.66 |
2.01 |
1/1/1995 |
3.16 |
2.65 |
4/1/1995 |
3.26 |
2.94 |
7/1/1995 |
3.10 |
2.81 |
10/1/1995 |
2.96 |
2.97 |
1/1/1996 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
4/1/1996 |
2.84 |
2.62 |
7/1/1996 |
2.92 |
2.67 |
10/1/1996 |
2.95 |
2.61 |
1/1/1997 |
3.05 |
2.59 |
4/1/1997 |
3.26 |
2.88 |
7/1/1997 |
3.49 |
2.98 |
10/1/1997 |
3.53 |
3.15 |
1/1/1998 |
3.52 |
3.31 |
4/1/1998 |
3.57 |
3.31 |
7/1/1998 |
3.44 |
3.41 |
10/1/1998 |
2.74 |
2.79 |
1/1/1999 |
2.77 |
2.68 |
4/1/1999 |
2.87 |
2.55 |
7/1/1999 |
3.31 |
2.85 |
10/1/1999 |
3.53 |
3.14 |
1/1/2000 |
3.71 |
3.56 |
4/1/2000 |
4.20 |
4.12 |
7/1/2000 |
4.33 |
4.34 |
10/1/2000 |
4.24 |
4.31 |
1/1/2001 |
3.22 |
3.38 |
4/1/2001 |
1.88 |
2.04 |
7/1/2001 |
0.99 |
1.23 |
10/1/2001 |
-0.49 |
-0.02 |
1/1/2002 |
-0.73 |
-0.33 |
4/1/2002 |
-0.61 |
-0.37 |
7/1/2002 |
-0.46 |
-0.40 |
10/1/2002 |
-0.56 |
-0.65 |
1/1/2003 |
-0.54 |
-0.77 |
4/1/2003 |
-0.21 |
-0.59 |
7/1/2003 |
-0.32 |
-0.76 |
10/1/2003 |
-0.14 |
-0.93 |
1/1/2004 |
-0.29 |
-1.03 |
4/1/2004 |
-0.74 |
-1.04 |
7/1/2004 |
-0.33 |
-0.60 |
10/1/2004 |
-0.14 |
0.03 |
1/1/2005 |
0.25 |
0.58 |
4/1/2005 |
0.91 |
0.95 |
7/1/2005 |
1.54 |
1.46 |
10/1/2005 |
2.04 |
2.17 |
1/1/2006 |
2.54 |
2.69 |
4/1/2006 |
2.67 |
2.91 |
7/1/2006 |
2.69 |
3.04 |
10/1/2006 |
2.83 |
2.87 |
1/1/2007 |
2.88 |
2.82 |
4/1/2007 |
3.20 |
2.97 |
7/1/2007 |
3.18 |
2.83 |
10/1/2007 |
2.38 |
2.03 |
1/1/2008 |
0.92 |
0.51 |
4/1/2008 |
-0.17 |
-0.65 |
7/1/2008 |
-0.45 |
-0.50 |
10/1/2008 |
-1.46 |
-1.04 |
1/1/2009 |
-1.55 |
-0.89 |
4/1/2009 |
-1.63 |
-1.28 |
7/1/2009 |
-1.31 |
-1.59 |
10/1/2009 |
-1.61 |
-1.67 |
1/1/2010 |
-1.20 |
-1.64 |
4/1/2010 |
-0.75 |
-1.46 |
7/1/2010 |
-0.70 |
-1.38 |
10/1/2010 |
-0.45 |
-1.37 |
1/1/2011 |
-0.94 |
-1.45 |
4/1/2011 |
-1.35 |
-1.70 |
7/1/2011 |
-1.79 |
-1.84 |
10/1/2011 |
-2.08 |
-1.88 |
1/1/2012 |
-2.10 |
-1.87 |
4/1/2012 |
-2.07 |
-1.82 |
7/1/2012 |
-1.85 |
-1.81 |
10/1/2012 |
-1.77 |
-1.75 |
1/1/2013 |
-1.76 |
-1.80 |
4/1/2013 |
-1.53 |
-1.99 |
7/1/2013 |
-1.65 |
-2.08 |
10/1/2013 |
-1.62 |
-1.93 |
1/1/2014 |
-1.52 |
-1.86 |
4/1/2014 |
-1.78 |
-1.88 |
7/1/2014 |
-1.67 |
-1.87 |
10/1/2014 |
-1.61 |
-1.73 |
1/1/2015 |
-1.56 |
-1.69 |
4/1/2015 |
-1.64 |
-1.85 |
7/1/2015 |
-1.70 |
-1.93 |
10/1/2015 |
-1.81 |
-1.85 |
1/1/2016 |
-1.82 |
-1.63 |
4/1/2016 |
-1.78 |
-1.65 |
7/1/2016 |
-1.79 |
-1.69 |
10/1/2016 |
-1.70 |
-1.75 |
1/1/2017 |
-1.40 |
-1.56 |
4/1/2017 |
-0.81 |
-1.30 |
7/1/2017 |
-0.50 |
-1.08 |
10/1/2017 |
-0.53 |
-1.01 |
1/1/2018 |
-0.41 |
-0.74 |
4/1/2018 |
-0.42 |
-0.44 |
7/1/2018 |
-0.27 |
-0.23 |
10/1/2018 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
1/1/2019 |
0.40 |
0.37 |
4/1/2019 |
0.41 |
0.52 |
7/1/2019 |
-0.03 |
0.39 |
10/1/2019 |
-0.59 |
-0.27 |
Panel B: Inflation gap (percent)
Date |
HLW |
Survey-based, BCS |
1/1/1960 |
-0.19 |
|
4/1/1960 |
-1.33 |
|
7/1/1960 |
-2.48 |
|
10/1/1960 |
0.41 |
|
1/1/1961 |
0.16 |
|
4/1/1961 |
0.40 |
-0.40 |
7/1/1961 |
0.85 |
0.04 |
10/1/1961 |
-0.16 |
-0.39 |
1/1/1962 |
-0.42 |
-0.81 |
4/1/1962 |
0.27 |
0.01 |
7/1/1962 |
-0.03 |
-0.42 |
10/1/1962 |
-0.43 |
-0.82 |
1/1/1963 |
-0.44 |
-0.84 |
4/1/1963 |
0.41 |
0.00 |
7/1/1963 |
0.69 |
0.00 |
10/1/1963 |
0.97 |
0.42 |
1/1/1964 |
0.67 |
0.39 |
4/1/1964 |
-1.41 |
-1.27 |
7/1/1964 |
-1.12 |
-0.85 |
10/1/1964 |
0.53 |
0.37 |
1/1/1965 |
0.54 |
-0.04 |
4/1/1965 |
0.13 |
-0.45 |
7/1/1965 |
-1.11 |
-1.28 |
10/1/1965 |
0.40 |
0.36 |
1/1/1966 |
0.92 |
0.33 |
4/1/1966 |
2.80 |
2.35 |
7/1/1966 |
2.08 |
1.88 |
10/1/1966 |
1.26 |
2.27 |
1/1/1967 |
-0.85 |
0.67 |
4/1/1967 |
-0.76 |
1.41 |
7/1/1967 |
0.92 |
2.53 |
10/1/1967 |
1.07 |
2.53 |
1/1/1968 |
1.66 |
3.20 |
4/1/1968 |
0.26 |
2.42 |
7/1/1968 |
1.06 |
2.98 |
10/1/1968 |
1.42 |
3.29 |
1/1/1969 |
0.53 |
2.83 |
4/1/1969 |
1.21 |
3.72 |
7/1/1969 |
-0.02 |
2.86 |
10/1/1969 |
-0.33 |
2.82 |
1/1/1970 |
0.34 |
3.40 |
4/1/1970 |
1.49 |
4.60 |
7/1/1970 |
-0.49 |
2.37 |
10/1/1970 |
0.17 |
3.35 |
1/1/1971 |
-2.38 |
0.71 |
4/1/1971 |
-2.21 |
1.00 |
7/1/1971 |
-1.73 |
0.32 |
10/1/1971 |
-2.62 |
-1.32 |
1/1/1972 |
-0.40 |
-0.12 |
4/1/1972 |
-0.18 |
-0.43 |
7/1/1972 |
0.03 |
-0.47 |
10/1/1972 |
-0.75 |
-1.80 |
1/1/1973 |
-0.17 |
-0.94 |
4/1/1973 |
1.42 |
0.23 |
7/1/1973 |
1.37 |
0.15 |
10/1/1973 |
3.59 |
2.76 |
1/1/1974 |
2.53 |
2.06 |
4/1/1974 |
5.34 |
5.41 |
7/1/1974 |
7.80 |
8.40 |
10/1/1974 |
3.83 |
6.51 |
1/1/1975 |
-1.60 |
3.34 |
4/1/1975 |
-5.49 |
1.20 |
7/1/1975 |
-5.98 |
0.04 |
10/1/1975 |
-1.92 |
1.70 |
1/1/1976 |
0.80 |
2.55 |
4/1/1976 |
-0.68 |
1.02 |
7/1/1976 |
-0.01 |
1.98 |
10/1/1976 |
-1.05 |
1.01 |
1/1/1977 |
0.08 |
2.03 |
4/1/1977 |
0.63 |
1.81 |
7/1/1977 |
-0.51 |
0.81 |
10/1/1977 |
-0.75 |
0.56 |
1/1/1978 |
0.80 |
1.96 |
4/1/1978 |
2.27 |
2.69 |
7/1/1978 |
2.50 |
3.10 |
10/1/1978 |
1.97 |
3.15 |
1/1/1979 |
1.28 |
3.01 |
4/1/1979 |
0.86 |
3.19 |
7/1/1979 |
1.36 |
3.47 |
10/1/1979 |
2.87 |
5.26 |
1/1/1980 |
4.97 |
7.81 |
4/1/1980 |
2.66 |
6.45 |
7/1/1980 |
-6.32 |
-0.81 |
10/1/1980 |
-0.93 |
5.25 |
1/1/1981 |
-1.94 |
1.54 |
4/1/1981 |
-1.71 |
1.38 |
7/1/1981 |
4.09 |
6.12 |
10/1/1981 |
-2.34 |
0.53 |
1/1/1982 |
-5.57 |
-1.81 |
4/1/1982 |
-2.57 |
1.09 |
7/1/1982 |
-1.97 |
0.37 |
10/1/1982 |
-5.27 |
-4.72 |
1/1/1983 |
-3.83 |
-3.37 |
4/1/1983 |
-1.19 |
-2.14 |
7/1/1983 |
1.45 |
-1.19 |
10/1/1983 |
2.58 |
-0.98 |
1/1/1984 |
1.71 |
-0.59 |
4/1/1984 |
0.21 |
-1.11 |
7/1/1984 |
-0.25 |
-0.60 |
10/1/1984 |
-1.14 |
-1.15 |
1/1/1985 |
-0.76 |
-0.50 |
4/1/1985 |
-0.43 |
-0.78 |
7/1/1985 |
-0.92 |
-1.67 |
10/1/1985 |
0.40 |
-0.51 |
1/1/1986 |
0.28 |
-0.47 |
4/1/1986 |
-0.80 |
-1.44 |
7/1/1986 |
-0.40 |
-0.88 |
10/1/1986 |
-0.22 |
-0.76 |
1/1/1987 |
-0.56 |
-1.55 |
4/1/1987 |
1.15 |
-0.01 |
7/1/1987 |
0.10 |
-1.28 |
10/1/1987 |
0.64 |
-0.05 |
1/1/1988 |
-0.03 |
-0.87 |
4/1/1988 |
0.44 |
0.25 |
7/1/1988 |
0.35 |
-0.01 |
10/1/1988 |
0.40 |
0.66 |
1/1/1989 |
-0.13 |
0.04 |
4/1/1989 |
-0.40 |
0.04 |
7/1/1989 |
-0.67 |
-0.22 |
10/1/1989 |
0.38 |
1.01 |
1/1/1990 |
0.95 |
1.50 |
4/1/1990 |
0.87 |
1.41 |
7/1/1990 |
1.32 |
2.00 |
10/1/1990 |
-0.43 |
0.62 |
1/1/1991 |
0.36 |
1.94 |
4/1/1991 |
-1.60 |
-0.19 |
7/1/1991 |
-1.10 |
0.50 |
10/1/1991 |
-0.91 |
-0.07 |
1/1/1992 |
-1.05 |
-0.30 |
4/1/1992 |
-0.42 |
-0.33 |
7/1/1992 |
-0.78 |
-0.73 |
10/1/1992 |
0.03 |
-0.14 |
1/1/1993 |
0.12 |
-0.24 |
4/1/1993 |
-0.02 |
-0.34 |
7/1/1993 |
-1.02 |
-1.34 |
10/1/1993 |
-0.34 |
-0.56 |
1/1/1994 |
-0.46 |
-1.10 |
4/1/1994 |
-0.21 |
-0.83 |
7/1/1994 |
0.27 |
-0.53 |
10/1/1994 |
-0.28 |
-0.95 |
1/1/1995 |
0.60 |
-0.14 |
4/1/1995 |
0.49 |
-0.06 |
7/1/1995 |
-0.32 |
-0.56 |
10/1/1995 |
-0.25 |
-0.27 |
1/1/1996 |
-0.39 |
-0.31 |
4/1/1996 |
-0.55 |
-0.65 |
7/1/1996 |
-0.14 |
-0.43 |
10/1/1996 |
-0.04 |
-0.30 |
1/1/1997 |
-0.23 |
-0.49 |
4/1/1997 |
0.04 |
-0.34 |
7/1/1997 |
-0.76 |
-1.18 |
10/1/1997 |
-0.19 |
-0.62 |
1/1/1998 |
0.22 |
-0.49 |
4/1/1998 |
0.07 |
-0.52 |
7/1/1998 |
0.24 |
-0.32 |
10/1/1998 |
-0.08 |
-0.41 |
1/1/1999 |
-0.59 |
-0.85 |
4/1/1999 |
-0.39 |
-0.64 |
7/1/1999 |
-0.02 |
-0.40 |
10/1/1999 |
0.30 |
-0.31 |
1/1/2000 |
0.70 |
0.02 |
4/1/2000 |
0.43 |
-0.16 |
7/1/2000 |
0.31 |
-0.06 |
10/1/2000 |
-0.04 |
-0.21 |
1/1/2001 |
0.31 |
0.30 |
4/1/2001 |
-0.07 |
-0.08 |
7/1/2001 |
0.07 |
0.22 |
10/1/2001 |
0.05 |
0.14 |
1/1/2002 |
-0.50 |
-0.31 |
4/1/2002 |
-0.55 |
-0.45 |
7/1/2002 |
-0.42 |
-0.41 |
10/1/2002 |
-0.47 |
-0.62 |
1/1/2003 |
-0.79 |
-1.08 |
4/1/2003 |
-1.29 |
-1.64 |
7/1/2003 |
-0.16 |
-0.72 |
10/1/2003 |
-0.24 |
-1.26 |
1/1/2004 |
0.72 |
-0.38 |
4/1/2004 |
1.41 |
0.08 |
7/1/2004 |
0.17 |
-0.81 |
10/1/2004 |
0.61 |
0.00 |
1/1/2005 |
0.45 |
0.09 |
4/1/2005 |
-0.35 |
-0.54 |
7/1/2005 |
-0.88 |
-1.08 |
10/1/2005 |
0.38 |
0.25 |
1/1/2006 |
0.61 |
0.10 |
4/1/2006 |
1.31 |
0.92 |
7/1/2006 |
0.55 |
0.41 |
10/1/2006 |
-0.73 |
-0.10 |
1/1/2007 |
-0.49 |
0.23 |
4/1/2007 |
-0.73 |
-0.22 |
7/1/2007 |
-0.32 |
-0.15 |
10/1/2007 |
0.70 |
0.61 |
1/1/2008 |
0.54 |
0.45 |
4/1/2008 |
-0.54 |
-0.40 |
7/1/2008 |
0.06 |
0.46 |
10/1/2008 |
-1.41 |
-1.38 |
1/1/2009 |
-0.63 |
-0.82 |
4/1/2009 |
0.28 |
-0.40 |
7/1/2009 |
-0.56 |
-1.22 |
10/1/2009 |
0.48 |
-0.29 |
1/1/2010 |
-1.57 |
-2.24 |
4/1/2010 |
-1.25 |
-1.80 |
7/1/2010 |
-0.13 |
-1.34 |
10/1/2010 |
0.18 |
-1.19 |
1/1/2011 |
1.37 |
-0.32 |
4/1/2011 |
1.03 |
-0.33 |
7/1/2011 |
1.42 |
0.52 |
10/1/2011 |
0.54 |
-0.13 |
1/1/2012 |
-0.06 |
-0.20 |
4/1/2012 |
-0.28 |
-0.41 |
7/1/2012 |
-0.52 |
-0.60 |
10/1/2012 |
-0.20 |
-0.40 |
1/1/2013 |
0.07 |
-0.18 |
4/1/2013 |
-0.96 |
-1.36 |
7/1/2013 |
0.23 |
-0.17 |
10/1/2013 |
0.18 |
-0.45 |
1/1/2014 |
-0.14 |
-0.65 |
4/1/2014 |
0.46 |
-0.14 |
7/1/2014 |
-0.17 |
-0.56 |
10/1/2014 |
-0.20 |
-0.61 |
1/1/2015 |
-0.35 |
-0.80 |
4/1/2015 |
0.64 |
0.14 |
7/1/2015 |
0.43 |
-0.33 |
10/1/2015 |
0.32 |
-0.18 |
1/1/2016 |
0.32 |
-0.05 |
4/1/2016 |
0.14 |
0.07 |
7/1/2016 |
0.00 |
-0.09 |
10/1/2016 |
-0.26 |
-0.30 |
1/1/2017 |
-0.17 |
-0.25 |
4/1/2017 |
-1.15 |
-1.26 |
7/1/2017 |
-0.33 |
-0.49 |
10/1/2017 |
0.61 |
0.08 |
1/1/2018 |
1.03 |
0.41 |
4/1/2018 |
0.54 |
-0.01 |
7/1/2018 |
-0.34 |
-0.34 |
10/1/2018 |
-0.35 |
-0.12 |
1/1/2019 |
-0.01 |
0.11 |
4/1/2019 |
0.10 |
0.03 |
7/1/2019 |
0.75 |
0.67 |
10/1/2019 |
-0.16 |
-0.14 |
Return to text
Figure 4. Estimates of natural rate of interest and output gaps using different measures of inflation expectations.
Panel A: Natural rate of interest (percent)
Date |
HLW-HLW |
HLW-Liv |
BCS-HLW |
BCS_Liv |
1/1/1961 |
5.28 |
5.20 |
|
|
4/1/1961 |
5.78 |
5.52 |
|
|
7/1/1961 |
5.68 |
5.36 |
|
|
10/1/1961 |
5.51 |
5.22 |
|
|
1/1/1962 |
5.23 |
5.02 |
|
|
4/1/1962 |
4.53 |
4.46 |
3.81 |
3.58 |
7/1/1962 |
4.37 |
4.34 |
3.64 |
3.53 |
10/1/1962 |
3.93 |
3.94 |
2.76 |
2.77 |
1/1/1963 |
3.93 |
3.93 |
2.94 |
3.00 |
4/1/1963 |
3.91 |
3.91 |
2.95 |
3.05 |
7/1/1963 |
4.21 |
4.19 |
3.67 |
3.68 |
10/1/1963 |
3.99 |
4.00 |
3.26 |
3.34 |
1/1/1964 |
4.25 |
4.24 |
3.75 |
3.80 |
4/1/1964 |
4.20 |
4.18 |
3.69 |
3.75 |
7/1/1964 |
4.28 |
4.26 |
3.82 |
3.89 |
10/1/1964 |
4.07 |
4.08 |
3.45 |
3.57 |
1/1/1965 |
4.38 |
4.36 |
3.96 |
4.04 |
4/1/1965 |
4.37 |
4.35 |
3.93 |
4.01 |
7/1/1965 |
4.57 |
4.52 |
4.21 |
4.28 |
10/1/1965 |
4.74 |
4.70 |
4.52 |
4.56 |
1/1/1966 |
4.91 |
4.88 |
4.78 |
4.81 |
4/1/1966 |
4.71 |
4.72 |
4.44 |
4.50 |
7/1/1966 |
4.69 |
4.70 |
4.35 |
4.42 |
10/1/1966 |
4.68 |
4.70 |
4.33 |
4.40 |
1/1/1967 |
4.66 |
4.66 |
4.23 |
4.33 |
4/1/1967 |
4.51 |
4.51 |
3.98 |
4.10 |
7/1/1967 |
4.54 |
4.54 |
4.12 |
4.19 |
10/1/1967 |
4.50 |
4.50 |
4.11 |
4.16 |
1/1/1968 |
4.67 |
4.66 |
4.55 |
4.51 |
4/1/1968 |
4.70 |
4.68 |
4.68 |
4.60 |
7/1/1968 |
4.61 |
4.62 |
4.63 |
4.55 |
10/1/1968 |
4.50 |
4.53 |
4.49 |
4.45 |
1/1/1969 |
4.58 |
4.62 |
4.71 |
4.67 |
4/1/1969 |
4.46 |
4.53 |
4.61 |
4.59 |
7/1/1969 |
4.41 |
4.48 |
4.56 |
4.59 |
10/1/1969 |
4.20 |
4.29 |
4.24 |
4.33 |
1/1/1970 |
4.10 |
4.21 |
4.21 |
4.32 |
4/1/1970 |
4.06 |
4.21 |
4.41 |
4.49 |
7/1/1970 |
4.07 |
4.20 |
4.52 |
4.61 |
10/1/1970 |
3.78 |
3.94 |
4.19 |
4.28 |
1/1/1971 |
4.03 |
4.14 |
4.73 |
4.77 |
4/1/1971 |
3.86 |
3.97 |
4.53 |
4.58 |
7/1/1971 |
3.74 |
3.84 |
4.33 |
4.41 |
10/1/1971 |
3.53 |
3.60 |
3.83 |
3.99 |
1/1/1972 |
3.65 |
3.72 |
4.14 |
4.24 |
4/1/1972 |
3.78 |
3.83 |
4.36 |
4.43 |
7/1/1972 |
3.68 |
3.73 |
4.10 |
4.19 |
10/1/1972 |
3.70 |
3.73 |
3.98 |
4.10 |
1/1/1973 |
3.88 |
3.90 |
4.28 |
4.35 |
4/1/1973 |
3.86 |
3.89 |
4.18 |
4.24 |
7/1/1973 |
3.63 |
3.67 |
3.57 |
3.71 |
10/1/1973 |
3.80 |
3.87 |
4.01 |
4.05 |
1/1/1974 |
3.62 |
3.70 |
3.62 |
3.69 |
4/1/1974 |
3.78 |
3.90 |
4.25 |
4.13 |
7/1/1974 |
3.76 |
3.93 |
4.61 |
4.31 |
10/1/1974 |
3.71 |
3.88 |
4.72 |
4.36 |
1/1/1975 |
3.40 |
3.55 |
4.22 |
3.93 |
4/1/1975 |
3.34 |
3.44 |
4.27 |
3.99 |
7/1/1975 |
3.33 |
3.40 |
4.45 |
4.17 |
10/1/1975 |
3.32 |
3.41 |
4.66 |
4.35 |
1/1/1976 |
3.45 |
3.56 |
5.09 |
4.73 |
4/1/1976 |
3.24 |
3.35 |
4.62 |
4.38 |
7/1/1976 |
3.13 |
3.26 |
4.47 |
4.25 |
10/1/1976 |
3.03 |
3.14 |
4.21 |
4.05 |
1/1/1977 |
3.06 |
3.18 |
4.34 |
4.16 |
4/1/1977 |
3.18 |
3.29 |
4.58 |
4.37 |
7/1/1977 |
3.22 |
3.31 |
4.58 |
4.38 |
10/1/1977 |
2.99 |
3.08 |
4.01 |
3.89 |
1/1/1978 |
2.95 |
3.05 |
3.92 |
3.79 |
4/1/1978 |
3.47 |
3.56 |
5.04 |
4.72 |
7/1/1978 |
3.45 |
3.55 |
4.97 |
4.62 |
10/1/1978 |
3.51 |
3.62 |
5.08 |
4.71 |
1/1/1979 |
3.41 |
3.53 |
4.83 |
4.49 |
4/1/1979 |
3.34 |
3.47 |
4.68 |
4.37 |
7/1/1979 |
3.42 |
3.56 |
4.87 |
4.53 |
10/1/1979 |
3.46 |
3.62 |
5.10 |
4.67 |
1/1/1980 |
3.59 |
3.79 |
5.64 |
5.05 |
4/1/1980 |
3.23 |
3.45 |
5.04 |
4.52 |
7/1/1980 |
2.92 |
3.06 |
4.30 |
4.00 |
10/1/1980 |
3.33 |
3.50 |
5.65 |
5.04 |
1/1/1981 |
3.37 |
3.51 |
5.81 |
5.20 |
4/1/1981 |
3.06 |
3.23 |
5.26 |
4.76 |
7/1/1981 |
3.41 |
3.64 |
6.30 |
5.60 |
10/1/1981 |
2.98 |
3.21 |
5.37 |
4.92 |
1/1/1982 |
2.54 |
2.77 |
4.48 |
4.25 |
4/1/1982 |
2.66 |
2.92 |
5.01 |
4.69 |
7/1/1982 |
2.51 |
2.79 |
4.87 |
4.59 |
10/1/1982 |
2.23 |
2.47 |
4.16 |
4.09 |
1/1/1983 |
2.32 |
2.57 |
4.43 |
4.32 |
4/1/1983 |
2.56 |
2.81 |
4.98 |
4.77 |
7/1/1983 |
2.74 |
3.00 |
5.32 |
5.02 |
10/1/1983 |
2.92 |
3.19 |
5.56 |
5.23 |
1/1/1984 |
3.07 |
3.35 |
5.75 |
5.40 |
4/1/1984 |
3.13 |
3.42 |
5.73 |
5.42 |
7/1/1984 |
3.10 |
3.40 |
5.55 |
5.30 |
10/1/1984 |
3.04 |
3.34 |
5.29 |
5.13 |
1/1/1985 |
3.07 |
3.38 |
5.27 |
5.15 |
4/1/1985 |
3.07 |
3.38 |
5.16 |
5.08 |
7/1/1985 |
3.15 |
3.44 |
5.16 |
5.10 |
10/1/1985 |
3.16 |
3.46 |
5.07 |
5.01 |
1/1/1986 |
3.17 |
3.47 |
4.97 |
4.94 |
4/1/1986 |
3.06 |
3.36 |
4.60 |
4.65 |
7/1/1986 |
3.11 |
3.40 |
4.59 |
4.64 |
10/1/1986 |
3.06 |
3.35 |
4.39 |
4.48 |
1/1/1987 |
3.02 |
3.30 |
4.17 |
4.30 |
4/1/1987 |
3.14 |
3.42 |
4.33 |
4.41 |
7/1/1987 |
3.10 |
3.37 |
4.10 |
4.22 |
10/1/1987 |
3.27 |
3.53 |
4.40 |
4.46 |
1/1/1988 |
3.16 |
3.42 |
4.05 |
4.16 |
4/1/1988 |
3.27 |
3.53 |
4.23 |
4.31 |
7/1/1988 |
3.20 |
3.46 |
4.02 |
4.13 |
10/1/1988 |
3.30 |
3.56 |
4.21 |
4.29 |
1/1/1989 |
3.30 |
3.55 |
4.16 |
4.25 |
4/1/1989 |
3.28 |
3.53 |
4.10 |
4.21 |
7/1/1989 |
3.26 |
3.51 |
4.02 |
4.16 |
10/1/1989 |
3.23 |
3.49 |
4.00 |
4.12 |
1/1/1990 |
3.35 |
3.61 |
4.30 |
4.35 |
4/1/1990 |
3.32 |
3.59 |
4.28 |
4.32 |
7/1/1990 |
3.29 |
3.57 |
4.28 |
4.29 |
10/1/1990 |
3.00 |
3.29 |
3.73 |
3.83 |
1/1/1991 |
2.94 |
3.24 |
3.72 |
3.80 |
4/1/1991 |
2.90 |
3.18 |
3.71 |
3.81 |
7/1/1991 |
2.87 |
3.15 |
3.79 |
3.85 |
10/1/1991 |
2.76 |
3.04 |
3.62 |
3.71 |
1/1/1992 |
2.78 |
3.06 |
3.73 |
3.81 |
4/1/1992 |
2.78 |
3.06 |
3.73 |
3.81 |
7/1/1992 |
2.72 |
3.00 |
3.60 |
3.71 |
10/1/1992 |
2.73 |
3.00 |
3.59 |
3.69 |
1/1/1993 |
2.57 |
2.85 |
3.21 |
3.36 |
4/1/1993 |
2.52 |
2.79 |
3.03 |
3.21 |
7/1/1993 |
2.39 |
2.65 |
2.67 |
2.92 |
10/1/1993 |
2.49 |
2.73 |
2.83 |
3.04 |
1/1/1994 |
2.45 |
2.68 |
2.66 |
2.89 |
4/1/1994 |
2.50 |
2.72 |
2.68 |
2.92 |
7/1/1994 |
2.44 |
2.67 |
2.47 |
2.73 |
10/1/1994 |
2.47 |
2.68 |
2.42 |
2.70 |
1/1/1995 |
2.43 |
2.65 |
2.28 |
2.56 |
4/1/1995 |
2.39 |
2.60 |
2.13 |
2.43 |
7/1/1995 |
2.41 |
2.61 |
2.13 |
2.43 |
10/1/1995 |
2.42 |
2.62 |
2.16 |
2.44 |
1/1/1996 |
2.43 |
2.62 |
2.18 |
2.45 |
4/1/1996 |
2.56 |
2.74 |
2.45 |
2.68 |
7/1/1996 |
2.57 |
2.75 |
2.45 |
2.67 |
10/1/1996 |
2.60 |
2.78 |
2.49 |
2.71 |
1/1/1997 |
2.55 |
2.73 |
2.37 |
2.61 |
4/1/1997 |
2.71 |
2.88 |
2.66 |
2.85 |
7/1/1997 |
2.70 |
2.87 |
2.61 |
2.81 |
10/1/1997 |
2.71 |
2.87 |
2.58 |
2.78 |
1/1/1998 |
2.75 |
2.91 |
2.59 |
2.79 |
4/1/1998 |
2.76 |
2.92 |
2.57 |
2.78 |
7/1/1998 |
2.85 |
3.00 |
2.70 |
2.89 |
10/1/1998 |
2.96 |
3.11 |
2.89 |
3.05 |
1/1/1999 |
2.91 |
3.06 |
2.76 |
2.95 |
4/1/1999 |
2.88 |
3.03 |
2.65 |
2.87 |
7/1/1999 |
2.96 |
3.11 |
2.77 |
2.96 |
10/1/1999 |
3.09 |
3.23 |
2.98 |
3.14 |
1/1/2000 |
3.01 |
3.16 |
2.76 |
2.94 |
4/1/2000 |
3.18 |
3.31 |
3.05 |
3.19 |
7/1/2000 |
3.05 |
3.20 |
2.75 |
2.93 |
10/1/2000 |
3.03 |
3.18 |
2.68 |
2.89 |
1/1/2001 |
2.91 |
3.07 |
2.43 |
2.67 |
4/1/2001 |
2.92 |
3.07 |
2.45 |
2.68 |
7/1/2001 |
2.77 |
2.92 |
2.18 |
2.42 |
10/1/2001 |
2.73 |
2.87 |
2.15 |
2.36 |
1/1/2002 |
2.73 |
2.86 |
2.21 |
2.38 |
4/1/2002 |
2.66 |
2.77 |
2.11 |
2.26 |
7/1/2002 |
2.57 |
2.67 |
1.94 |
2.09 |
10/1/2002 |
2.42 |
2.51 |
1.65 |
1.83 |
1/1/2003 |
2.33 |
2.41 |
1.46 |
1.66 |
4/1/2003 |
2.26 |
2.33 |
1.32 |
1.54 |
7/1/2003 |
2.40 |
2.45 |
1.60 |
1.76 |
10/1/2003 |
2.36 |
2.40 |
1.47 |
1.65 |
1/1/2004 |
2.31 |
2.36 |
1.32 |
1.50 |
4/1/2004 |
2.34 |
2.38 |
1.29 |
1.46 |
7/1/2004 |
2.30 |
2.33 |
1.16 |
1.34 |
10/1/2004 |
2.35 |
2.36 |
1.22 |
1.37 |
1/1/2005 |
2.38 |
2.39 |
1.25 |
1.40 |
4/1/2005 |
2.25 |
2.26 |
0.98 |
1.18 |
7/1/2005 |
2.22 |
2.22 |
0.87 |
1.11 |
10/1/2005 |
2.25 |
2.26 |
0.93 |
1.16 |
1/1/2006 |
2.35 |
2.36 |
1.13 |
1.34 |
4/1/2006 |
2.32 |
2.34 |
1.07 |
1.28 |
7/1/2006 |
2.24 |
2.27 |
0.92 |
1.17 |
10/1/2006 |
2.25 |
2.28 |
1.00 |
1.26 |
1/1/2007 |
2.19 |
2.22 |
0.96 |
1.22 |
4/1/2007 |
2.16 |
2.19 |
0.98 |
1.24 |
7/1/2007 |
2.15 |
2.19 |
1.04 |
1.28 |
10/1/2007 |
2.21 |
2.24 |
1.22 |
1.40 |
1/1/2008 |
2.03 |
2.07 |
0.92 |
1.12 |
4/1/2008 |
2.00 |
2.03 |
0.93 |
1.11 |
7/1/2008 |
1.86 |
1.88 |
0.73 |
0.88 |
10/1/2008 |
1.33 |
1.35 |
-0.28 |
-0.01 |
1/1/2009 |
1.17 |
1.18 |
-0.55 |
-0.29 |
4/1/2009 |
1.16 |
1.15 |
-0.49 |
-0.29 |
7/1/2009 |
1.11 |
1.08 |
-0.49 |
-0.31 |
10/1/2009 |
1.25 |
1.20 |
-0.13 |
-0.05 |
1/1/2010 |
1.04 |
0.99 |
-0.48 |
-0.34 |
4/1/2010 |
1.04 |
0.98 |
-0.43 |
-0.29 |
7/1/2010 |
1.04 |
0.97 |
-0.44 |
-0.30 |
10/1/2010 |
0.99 |
0.93 |
-0.55 |
-0.39 |
1/1/2011 |
0.91 |
0.85 |
-0.76 |
-0.58 |
4/1/2011 |
0.97 |
0.90 |
-0.66 |
-0.50 |
7/1/2011 |
0.94 |
0.88 |
-0.70 |
-0.56 |
10/1/2011 |
1.03 |
0.95 |
-0.50 |
-0.39 |
1/1/2012 |
1.03 |
0.94 |
-0.47 |
-0.36 |
4/1/2012 |
0.95 |
0.87 |
-0.59 |
-0.46 |
7/1/2012 |
0.84 |
0.76 |
-0.81 |
-0.63 |
10/1/2012 |
0.76 |
0.68 |
-0.96 |
-0.75 |
1/1/2013 |
0.83 |
0.74 |
-0.81 |
-0.62 |
4/1/2013 |
0.66 |
0.57 |
-1.14 |
-0.88 |
7/1/2013 |
0.76 |
0.66 |
-0.94 |
-0.73 |
10/1/2013 |
0.77 |
0.67 |
-0.92 |
-0.71 |
1/1/2014 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
-1.27 |
-1.02 |
4/1/2014 |
0.78 |
0.66 |
-0.91 |
-0.72 |
7/1/2014 |
0.83 |
0.70 |
-0.79 |
-0.63 |
10/1/2014 |
0.78 |
0.64 |
-0.91 |
-0.73 |
1/1/2015 |
0.77 |
0.63 |
-0.96 |
-0.75 |
4/1/2015 |
0.83 |
0.69 |
-0.85 |
-0.67 |
7/1/2015 |
0.76 |
0.62 |
-1.03 |
-0.82 |
10/1/2015 |
0.68 |
0.54 |
-1.21 |
-0.98 |
1/1/2016 |
0.70 |
0.55 |
-1.19 |
-0.97 |
4/1/2016 |
0.69 |
0.54 |
-1.18 |
-0.97 |
7/1/2016 |
0.68 |
0.52 |
-1.19 |
-0.99 |
10/1/2016 |
0.65 |
0.49 |
-1.23 |
-1.02 |
1/1/2017 |
0.64 |
0.47 |
-1.23 |
-1.02 |
4/1/2017 |
0.55 |
0.37 |
-1.40 |
-1.16 |
7/1/2017 |
0.60 |
0.42 |
-1.28 |
-1.07 |
10/1/2017 |
0.68 |
0.49 |
-1.12 |
-0.95 |
1/1/2018 |
0.71 |
0.53 |
-1.05 |
-0.90 |
4/1/2018 |
0.75 |
0.55 |
-0.98 |
-0.85 |
7/1/2018 |
0.73 |
0.54 |
-0.99 |
-0.85 |
10/1/2018 |
0.67 |
0.48 |
-1.08 |
-0.93 |
1/1/2019 |
0.72 |
0.53 |
-0.95 |
-0.82 |
4/1/2019 |
0.71 |
0.52 |
-0.95 |
-0.81 |
7/1/2019 |
0.76 |
0.57 |
-0.82 |
-0.70 |
10/1/2019 |
0.72 |
0.54 |
-0.86 |
-0.72 |
Panel B: Output gap (percent)
Date |
HLW-HLW |
HLW-Liv |
BCS-HLW |
BCS_Liv |
1/1/1961 |
-4.13 |
-4.05 |
|
|
4/1/1961 |
-4.22 |
-3.93 |
|
|
7/1/1961 |
-3.53 |
-3.10 |
|
|
10/1/1961 |
-2.71 |
-2.25 |
|
|
1/1/1962 |
-1.80 |
-1.42 |
|
|
4/1/1962 |
-0.70 |
-0.56 |
-1.07 |
-0.92 |
7/1/1962 |
-0.25 |
-0.18 |
-0.65 |
-0.57 |
10/1/1962 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
-0.24 |
-0.29 |
1/1/1963 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
-0.19 |
-0.29 |
4/1/1963 |
0.41 |
0.40 |
0.24 |
0.06 |
7/1/1963 |
0.68 |
0.76 |
0.40 |
0.36 |
10/1/1963 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
0.98 |
0.81 |
1/1/1964 |
1.31 |
1.35 |
1.24 |
1.12 |
4/1/1964 |
1.18 |
1.24 |
0.98 |
0.85 |
7/1/1964 |
1.30 |
1.35 |
1.14 |
0.99 |
10/1/1964 |
1.51 |
1.47 |
1.49 |
1.23 |
1/1/1965 |
1.53 |
1.58 |
1.56 |
1.39 |
4/1/1965 |
1.63 |
1.68 |
1.55 |
1.41 |
7/1/1965 |
1.60 |
1.71 |
1.42 |
1.34 |
10/1/1965 |
2.15 |
2.22 |
2.13 |
2.07 |
1/1/1966 |
2.56 |
2.61 |
2.56 |
2.52 |
4/1/1966 |
3.05 |
2.96 |
3.27 |
3.13 |
7/1/1966 |
2.82 |
2.73 |
3.20 |
3.03 |
10/1/1966 |
2.56 |
2.47 |
3.26 |
3.08 |
1/1/1967 |
1.88 |
1.85 |
2.63 |
2.48 |
4/1/1967 |
1.47 |
1.41 |
2.45 |
2.26 |
7/1/1967 |
1.34 |
1.30 |
2.70 |
2.55 |
10/1/1967 |
1.21 |
1.21 |
2.79 |
2.69 |
1/1/1968 |
1.49 |
1.53 |
3.46 |
3.45 |
4/1/1968 |
1.62 |
1.69 |
3.74 |
3.78 |
7/1/1968 |
1.95 |
1.92 |
4.32 |
4.28 |
10/1/1968 |
1.91 |
1.79 |
4.48 |
4.34 |
1/1/1969 |
1.77 |
1.61 |
4.55 |
4.38 |
4/1/1969 |
1.80 |
1.53 |
4.86 |
4.57 |
7/1/1969 |
1.38 |
1.03 |
4.55 |
4.19 |
10/1/1969 |
0.81 |
0.34 |
4.06 |
3.56 |
1/1/1970 |
0.25 |
-0.31 |
3.73 |
3.15 |
4/1/1970 |
-0.04 |
-0.67 |
3.84 |
3.23 |
7/1/1970 |
-0.66 |
-1.26 |
3.12 |
2.58 |
10/1/1970 |
-0.88 |
-1.53 |
3.01 |
2.43 |
1/1/1971 |
-1.28 |
-1.78 |
2.44 |
2.06 |
4/1/1971 |
-1.00 |
-1.49 |
2.54 |
2.22 |
7/1/1971 |
-0.86 |
-1.29 |
2.37 |
2.11 |
10/1/1971 |
-1.04 |
-1.39 |
1.59 |
1.38 |
1/1/1972 |
-0.55 |
-0.84 |
1.89 |
1.77 |
4/1/1972 |
0.00 |
-0.19 |
2.07 |
2.10 |
7/1/1972 |
0.49 |
0.33 |
2.09 |
2.18 |
10/1/1972 |
0.68 |
0.61 |
1.70 |
1.88 |
1/1/1973 |
1.28 |
1.28 |
2.07 |
2.36 |
4/1/1973 |
1.84 |
1.82 |
2.43 |
2.71 |
7/1/1973 |
1.62 |
1.57 |
1.87 |
2.08 |
10/1/1973 |
1.74 |
1.67 |
2.42 |
2.60 |
1/1/1974 |
1.05 |
0.97 |
1.68 |
1.82 |
4/1/1974 |
1.21 |
1.10 |
2.70 |
2.83 |
7/1/1974 |
1.34 |
1.18 |
3.86 |
3.94 |
10/1/1974 |
0.43 |
0.31 |
3.55 |
3.63 |
1/1/1975 |
-1.03 |
-1.12 |
2.26 |
2.30 |
4/1/1975 |
-2.09 |
-2.09 |
1.48 |
1.56 |
7/1/1975 |
-2.28 |
-2.23 |
1.40 |
1.53 |
10/1/1975 |
-1.43 |
-1.48 |
2.48 |
2.51 |
1/1/1976 |
-0.35 |
-0.47 |
3.69 |
3.66 |
4/1/1976 |
0.04 |
-0.11 |
3.69 |
3.60 |
7/1/1976 |
0.60 |
0.41 |
4.29 |
4.12 |
10/1/1976 |
0.63 |
0.48 |
4.13 |
3.96 |
1/1/1977 |
1.05 |
0.92 |
4.66 |
4.51 |
4/1/1977 |
1.52 |
1.44 |
5.09 |
5.01 |
7/1/1977 |
1.88 |
1.85 |
5.17 |
5.18 |
10/1/1977 |
1.91 |
1.88 |
4.84 |
4.84 |
1/1/1978 |
2.03 |
2.01 |
5.02 |
5.02 |
4/1/1978 |
2.74 |
2.81 |
5.99 |
6.18 |
7/1/1978 |
3.31 |
3.36 |
6.48 |
6.72 |
10/1/1978 |
3.56 |
3.59 |
6.80 |
7.04 |
1/1/1979 |
3.42 |
3.39 |
6.68 |
6.85 |
4/1/1979 |
2.96 |
2.87 |
6.34 |
6.44 |
7/1/1979 |
2.65 |
2.55 |
6.26 |
6.36 |
10/1/1979 |
2.61 |
2.48 |
6.67 |
6.77 |
1/1/1980 |
2.77 |
2.58 |
7.66 |
7.73 |
4/1/1980 |
1.65 |
1.39 |
6.78 |
6.72 |
7/1/1980 |
-0.95 |
-1.08 |
3.43 |
3.46 |
10/1/1980 |
-0.32 |
-0.47 |
5.22 |
5.32 |
1/1/1981 |
-0.63 |
-0.73 |
4.50 |
4.73 |
4/1/1981 |
-1.01 |
-1.24 |
3.68 |
3.79 |
7/1/1981 |
-0.31 |
-0.73 |
5.05 |
5.04 |
10/1/1981 |
-1.94 |
-2.45 |
2.52 |
2.40 |
1/1/1982 |
-3.70 |
-4.29 |
-0.04 |
-0.27 |
4/1/1982 |
-4.04 |
-4.68 |
-0.16 |
-0.42 |
7/1/1982 |
-4.60 |
-5.29 |
-1.06 |
-1.34 |
10/1/1982 |
-5.90 |
-6.54 |
-3.70 |
-3.93 |
1/1/1983 |
-5.69 |
-6.29 |
-4.01 |
-4.15 |
4/1/1983 |
-4.69 |
-5.24 |
-3.39 |
-3.41 |
7/1/1983 |
-3.38 |
-3.92 |
-2.50 |
-2.47 |
10/1/1983 |
-2.16 |
-2.69 |
-1.74 |
-1.69 |
1/1/1984 |
-1.16 |
-1.68 |
-0.97 |
-0.94 |
4/1/1984 |
-0.59 |
-1.10 |
-0.64 |
-0.66 |
7/1/1984 |
-0.25 |
-0.79 |
-0.36 |
-0.48 |
10/1/1984 |
-0.41 |
-0.95 |
-0.62 |
-0.84 |
1/1/1985 |
-0.45 |
-0.98 |
-0.55 |
-0.82 |
4/1/1985 |
-0.51 |
-1.00 |
-0.64 |
-0.93 |
7/1/1985 |
-0.54 |
-0.97 |
-0.84 |
-1.08 |
10/1/1985 |
-0.25 |
-0.65 |
-0.52 |
-0.77 |
1/1/1986 |
-0.23 |
-0.58 |
-0.52 |
-0.75 |
4/1/1986 |
-0.51 |
-0.82 |
-1.00 |
-1.24 |
7/1/1986 |
-0.50 |
-0.79 |
-0.95 |
-1.18 |
10/1/1986 |
-0.52 |
-0.77 |
-0.97 |
-1.20 |
1/1/1987 |
-0.64 |
-0.83 |
-1.26 |
-1.46 |
4/1/1987 |
-0.22 |
-0.38 |
-0.64 |
-0.82 |
7/1/1987 |
-0.27 |
-0.36 |
-0.91 |
-1.03 |
10/1/1987 |
0.14 |
0.11 |
-0.28 |
-0.35 |
1/1/1988 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
-0.43 |
-0.50 |
4/1/1988 |
0.42 |
0.43 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
7/1/1988 |
0.40 |
0.43 |
0.12 |
0.05 |
10/1/1988 |
0.52 |
0.57 |
0.52 |
0.47 |
1/1/1989 |
0.44 |
0.49 |
0.48 |
0.44 |
4/1/1989 |
0.31 |
0.36 |
0.44 |
0.38 |
7/1/1989 |
0.00 |
0.04 |
0.14 |
0.08 |
10/1/1989 |
-0.13 |
-0.12 |
0.25 |
0.16 |
1/1/1990 |
-0.21 |
-0.19 |
0.45 |
0.41 |
4/1/1990 |
-0.32 |
-0.31 |
0.50 |
0.46 |
7/1/1990 |
-0.38 |
-0.41 |
0.70 |
0.63 |
10/1/1990 |
-1.12 |
-1.17 |
-0.11 |
-0.24 |
1/1/1991 |
-1.46 |
-1.53 |
-0.06 |
-0.25 |
4/1/1991 |
-2.10 |
-2.11 |
-0.77 |
-0.89 |
7/1/1991 |
-2.01 |
-2.02 |
-0.53 |
-0.63 |
10/1/1991 |
-2.01 |
-2.01 |
-0.62 |
-0.71 |
1/1/1992 |
-1.78 |
-1.76 |
-0.42 |
-0.49 |
4/1/1992 |
-1.34 |
-1.30 |
-0.09 |
-0.13 |
7/1/1992 |
-0.97 |
-0.91 |
0.09 |
0.06 |
10/1/1992 |
-0.41 |
-0.34 |
0.61 |
0.58 |
1/1/1993 |
-0.15 |
-0.07 |
0.70 |
0.66 |
4/1/1993 |
0.00 |
0.13 |
0.77 |
0.74 |
7/1/1993 |
-0.11 |
0.08 |
0.38 |
0.39 |
10/1/1993 |
0.24 |
0.49 |
0.76 |
0.82 |
1/1/1994 |
0.42 |
0.71 |
0.70 |
0.82 |
4/1/1994 |
0.75 |
1.07 |
0.93 |
1.09 |
7/1/1994 |
0.99 |
1.29 |
1.02 |
1.18 |
10/1/1994 |
1.01 |
1.33 |
0.89 |
1.08 |
1/1/1995 |
1.12 |
1.43 |
0.98 |
1.15 |
4/1/1995 |
0.91 |
1.22 |
0.72 |
0.90 |
7/1/1995 |
0.58 |
0.92 |
0.32 |
0.55 |
10/1/1995 |
0.42 |
0.77 |
0.16 |
0.43 |
1/1/1996 |
0.25 |
0.60 |
-0.02 |
0.28 |
4/1/1996 |
0.25 |
0.60 |
-0.05 |
0.30 |
7/1/1996 |
0.39 |
0.70 |
0.02 |
0.37 |
10/1/1996 |
0.47 |
0.75 |
0.08 |
0.41 |
1/1/1997 |
0.40 |
0.66 |
-0.08 |
0.23 |
4/1/1997 |
0.55 |
0.81 |
0.12 |
0.45 |
7/1/1997 |
0.52 |
0.79 |
-0.11 |
0.25 |
10/1/1997 |
0.64 |
0.87 |
-0.03 |
0.30 |
1/1/1998 |
0.67 |
0.89 |
-0.05 |
0.26 |
4/1/1998 |
0.60 |
0.81 |
-0.17 |
0.12 |
7/1/1998 |
0.64 |
0.83 |
-0.12 |
0.17 |
10/1/1998 |
0.72 |
0.91 |
-0.02 |
0.28 |
1/1/1999 |
0.67 |
0.83 |
-0.19 |
0.08 |
4/1/1999 |
0.63 |
0.77 |
-0.25 |
-0.02 |
7/1/1999 |
0.68 |
0.82 |
-0.15 |
0.08 |
10/1/1999 |
0.88 |
1.03 |
0.08 |
0.33 |
1/1/2000 |
0.94 |
1.06 |
0.12 |
0.32 |
4/1/2000 |
0.98 |
1.12 |
0.23 |
0.45 |
7/1/2000 |
0.86 |
0.95 |
0.06 |
0.22 |
10/1/2000 |
0.52 |
0.60 |
-0.25 |
-0.13 |
1/1/2001 |
0.15 |
0.20 |
-0.54 |
-0.49 |
4/1/2001 |
-0.33 |
-0.25 |
-0.96 |
-0.89 |
7/1/2001 |
-0.69 |
-0.60 |
-1.26 |
-1.20 |
10/1/2001 |
-1.00 |
-0.83 |
-1.46 |
-1.35 |
1/1/2002 |
-1.11 |
-0.86 |
-1.52 |
-1.33 |
4/1/2002 |
-1.00 |
-0.70 |
-1.42 |
-1.19 |
7/1/2002 |
-0.85 |
-0.50 |
-1.25 |
-1.02 |
10/1/2002 |
-0.82 |
-0.45 |
-1.26 |
-1.06 |
1/1/2003 |
-0.83 |
-0.41 |
-1.36 |
-1.15 |
4/1/2003 |
-0.80 |
-0.32 |
-1.48 |
-1.24 |
7/1/2003 |
-0.23 |
0.28 |
-0.83 |
-0.55 |
10/1/2003 |
0.14 |
0.67 |
-0.66 |
-0.36 |
1/1/2004 |
0.61 |
1.12 |
-0.20 |
0.05 |
4/1/2004 |
0.98 |
1.48 |
0.20 |
0.45 |
7/1/2004 |
1.00 |
1.55 |
0.10 |
0.38 |
10/1/2004 |
1.31 |
1.86 |
0.53 |
0.81 |
1/1/2005 |
1.49 |
2.04 |
0.80 |
1.07 |
4/1/2005 |
1.37 |
1.88 |
0.60 |
0.82 |
7/1/2005 |
1.17 |
1.65 |
0.30 |
0.51 |
10/1/2005 |
1.31 |
1.73 |
0.61 |
0.76 |
1/1/2006 |
1.32 |
1.70 |
0.66 |
0.82 |
4/1/2006 |
1.37 |
1.67 |
0.82 |
0.91 |
7/1/2006 |
0.98 |
1.22 |
0.43 |
0.47 |
10/1/2006 |
0.54 |
0.76 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
1/1/2007 |
0.25 |
0.44 |
-0.16 |
-0.14 |
4/1/2007 |
-0.11 |
0.07 |
-0.54 |
-0.49 |
7/1/2007 |
-0.31 |
-0.13 |
-0.74 |
-0.67 |
10/1/2007 |
-0.27 |
-0.11 |
-0.60 |
-0.50 |
1/1/2008 |
-0.58 |
-0.43 |
-0.95 |
-0.88 |
4/1/2008 |
-0.99 |
-0.77 |
-1.42 |
-1.28 |
7/1/2008 |
-1.09 |
-0.82 |
-1.41 |
-1.24 |
10/1/2008 |
-2.04 |
-1.69 |
-2.73 |
-2.56 |
1/1/2009 |
-2.59 |
-2.14 |
-3.24 |
-3.06 |
4/1/2009 |
-2.75 |
-2.22 |
-3.34 |
-3.09 |
7/1/2009 |
-2.80 |
-2.20 |
-3.52 |
-3.21 |
10/1/2009 |
-2.15 |
-1.54 |
-2.76 |
-2.41 |
1/1/2010 |
-2.08 |
-1.44 |
-3.07 |
-2.72 |
4/1/2010 |
-1.57 |
-0.95 |
-2.63 |
-2.31 |
7/1/2010 |
-0.98 |
-0.40 |
-2.13 |
-1.85 |
10/1/2010 |
-0.55 |
0.00 |
-1.80 |
-1.58 |
1/1/2011 |
-0.16 |
0.34 |
-1.42 |
-1.28 |
4/1/2011 |
0.05 |
0.57 |
-1.14 |
-1.01 |
7/1/2011 |
0.36 |
0.85 |
-0.67 |
-0.56 |
10/1/2011 |
0.51 |
1.03 |
-0.42 |
-0.28 |
1/1/2012 |
0.77 |
1.28 |
-0.08 |
0.06 |
4/1/2012 |
0.91 |
1.39 |
0.09 |
0.20 |
7/1/2012 |
0.90 |
1.35 |
0.08 |
0.13 |
10/1/2012 |
0.87 |
1.29 |
0.07 |
0.09 |
1/1/2013 |
0.97 |
1.39 |
0.27 |
0.31 |
4/1/2013 |
0.74 |
1.17 |
-0.18 |
-0.13 |
7/1/2013 |
1.02 |
1.45 |
0.23 |
0.31 |
10/1/2013 |
1.12 |
1.57 |
0.28 |
0.41 |
1/1/2014 |
1.02 |
1.47 |
0.05 |
0.17 |
4/1/2014 |
1.23 |
1.70 |
0.38 |
0.56 |
7/1/2014 |
1.41 |
1.89 |
0.51 |
0.75 |
10/1/2014 |
1.56 |
2.01 |
0.57 |
0.81 |
1/1/2015 |
1.61 |
2.05 |
0.54 |
0.78 |
4/1/2015 |
1.90 |
2.29 |
0.94 |
1.15 |
7/1/2015 |
1.84 |
2.21 |
0.78 |
0.98 |
10/1/2015 |
1.71 |
2.08 |
0.64 |
0.82 |
1/1/2016 |
1.60 |
1.99 |
0.59 |
0.79 |
4/1/2016 |
1.52 |
1.91 |
0.57 |
0.79 |
7/1/2016 |
1.42 |
1.81 |
0.49 |
0.72 |
10/1/2016 |
1.33 |
1.72 |
0.40 |
0.63 |
1/1/2017 |
1.31 |
1.69 |
0.39 |
0.63 |
4/1/2017 |
1.03 |
1.43 |
-0.09 |
0.17 |
7/1/2017 |
1.15 |
1.54 |
0.07 |
0.34 |
10/1/2017 |
1.35 |
1.73 |
0.33 |
0.62 |
1/1/2018 |
1.51 |
1.87 |
0.53 |
0.81 |
4/1/2018 |
1.51 |
1.87 |
0.49 |
0.79 |
7/1/2018 |
1.43 |
1.77 |
0.37 |
0.66 |
10/1/2018 |
1.31 |
1.61 |
0.28 |
0.52 |
1/1/2019 |
1.24 |
1.50 |
0.30 |
0.52 |
4/1/2019 |
1.12 |
1.35 |
0.18 |
0.38 |
7/1/2019 |
1.15 |
1.33 |
0.34 |
0.50 |
10/1/2019 |
0.88 |
1.03 |
0.01 |
0.14 |
Return to text
Figure 5. Confidence bands around natural rate estimates (2019Q4, percent).
|
HLW-HLW |
HLW-Liv |
BCS-HLW |
BCS_Liv |
+2 std. errors |
3.88 |
3.09 |
2.56 |
2.04 |
Estimate |
0.72 |
0.54 |
-0.86 |
-0.72 |
-2 std. errors |
-2.44 |
-2.02 |
-4.28 |
-3.49 |
Return to text
Last Update:
June 19, 2020