Accessible Version
Offline Payments: Implications for Reliability and Resiliency in Digital Payment Systems, Accessible Data
Figure 1
Example of a consumer-to-merchant retail payment in an online payment system. The figure depicts a credit or debit card payment made by a payer at a merchant’s POS terminal. An online connection allows the payer’s payment information to be sent to the card processor for authorization and authentication, either approving or denying the payment. The figure conveys how day-to-day payments between a consumer and a merchant in card-present payment scenarios requires internet.
Source: Author illustration.
Figure 2
Example of a consumer-to-merchant retail transaction in a hybrid payment system. The figure depicts when a consumer makes a payment at a merchant POS terminal, but the terminal is offline (not connected to the internet). The terminal will store the payment information until it is back online, at which point the payment information can be sent to the payment processor for authorization.
Source: Author illustration.
Figure 3
Example of a consumer-to-merchant or peer-to-peer retail transaction in an offline payment system. The figure depicts a fully offline payment, where no step in the payment process needs connection to the internet for the payment to be authenticated and authorized.
Source: Author illustration.
Figure 4
Overview of Stripe offline digital payment collection process. The POS terminal will collect and store the payment method information to accept the payment at the time of sale and then will fully process and settle the payment once internet connection is regained.
Source: Author illustration, adapted from Stripe, 2023b.
Figure 5
Overall architecture of OPERA Digital Wallet (ODW). It is comprised of a one-time readable memory (ORM) for token storage, a power control unit (TPCU) that supports authentication, and a data bus that allows for secure communications with other ODWs.
Source: Park and Baek 2017, 2351.