Accessible Version
Fragmentation? Revisiting the Ideal Point Distance measure of geopolitical distance, Accessible Data
Figure 1. Comparison of IPD Measures
Left Chart: 2021 All Vote IPDs and 2023 All Vote IPDs
Make Full Screen| Country | 2023 All Votes | 2021 All Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | -0.73777163 | -0.766415732 |
| Angola | -0.779712547 | -0.821726454 |
| Albania | 0.238471742 | -0.02529656 |
| Andorra | 0.056787588 | -0.370967804 |
| United Arab Emirates | -0.839625453 | -0.811333706 |
| Argentina | -0.462440142 | -0.893387249 |
| Armenia | -0.453442668 | -0.716353654 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | -0.73668828 | -0.872436097 |
| Australia | 0.302498314 | 0.180631308 |
| Austria | 0.143523941 | -0.309820478 |
| Azerbaijan | -0.823285083 | -0.732112003 |
| Burundi | -0.876854575 | -0.814779941 |
| Belgium | 0.198364512 | -0.06026648 |
| Benin | -0.687152047 | -0.853523089 |
| Burkina Faso | -0.800428269 | -0.821556727 |
| Bangladesh | -0.783893163 | -0.785371361 |
| Bulgaria | 0.243008485 | -0.028211072 |
| Bahrain | -0.903959735 | -0.843317873 |
| Bahamas, The | -0.548089602 | -0.931595154 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.063855407 | -0.347188681 |
| Belarus | -0.964101132 | -0.989710393 |
| Belize | -0.656809073 | -0.918896358 |
| Bolivia | -0.99260151 | -0.617100446 |
| Brazil | -0.647559127 | -0.742720195 |
| Barbados | -0.589086565 | -0.972402895 |
| Brunei Darussalam | -0.935457183 | -0.73593598 |
| Bhutan | -0.687961696 | -0.956053732 |
| Botswana | -0.681841192 | -0.948855053 |
| Central African Republic | -0.673405884 | -0.847172071 |
| Canada | 0.39474474 | 0.109509599 |
| Switzerland | -0.031824302 | -0.304392939 |
| Chile | -0.460197899 | -0.955197073 |
| China | -1 | -1 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | -0.527216919 | -0.923474244 |
| Cameroon | -0.621242607 | -0.844181029 |
| Congo, Rep. | -0.785032465 | -0.818008353 |
| Colombia | -0.579805105 | -0.857054525 |
| Comoros | -0.82658849 | -0.699664294 |
| Cabo Verde | -0.545484042 | -0.858705011 |
| Costa Rica | -0.505875746 | -0.941704138 |
| Cuba | -0.884607408 | -0.523217809 |
| Cyprus | 0.022008727 | -0.357231006 |
| Czechia | 0.432331841 | 0.133531074 |
| Germany | 0.329328278 | 0.033601229 |
| Djibouti | -0.848368827 | -0.835508841 |
| Dominica | -0.724009735 | -0.847234403 |
| Denmark | 0.280877127 | 0.022321837 |
| Dominican Republic | -0.508771452 | -0.950965233 |
| Algeria | -0.995495855 | -0.694102121 |
| Ecuador | -0.546558024 | -0.995420236 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | -0.994820242 | -0.680368982 |
| Eritrea | -0.951883513 | -0.660092293 |
| Spain | 0.177582859 | -0.153267565 |
| Estonia | 0.290339069 | 0.045586602 |
| Ethiopia | -0.759751846 | -0.798622393 |
| Finland | 0.232393393 | -0.170856097 |
| Fiji | -0.432779207 | -0.999609023 |
| France | 0.465788474 | 0.281262304 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 0.494910483 | 0.346527209 |
| Gabon | -0.728972151 | -0.985376528 |
| United Kingdom | 0.733640093 | 0.52642859 |
| Georgia | 0.099402322 | -0.254145684 |
| Ghana | -0.761350168 | -0.869142952 |
| Guinea | -0.737549604 | -0.850958703 |
| Gambia, The | -0.747893693 | -0.833761216 |
| Guinea-Bissau | -0.831195593 | -0.856088106 |
| Equatorial Guinea | -0.882981105 | -0.718091145 |
| Greece | 0.135535384 | -0.170976277 |
| Grenada | -0.718637175 | -0.820029291 |
| Guatemala | -0.392752127 | -0.864013844 |
| Guyana | -0.584364962 | -0.990343459 |
| Honduras | -0.573521021 | -0.846467285 |
| Croatia | 0.33069424 | 0.022272315 |
| Haiti | -0.583620989 | -0.88051031 |
| Hungary | 0.405241717 | 0.036952374 |
| Indonesia | -0.925872035 | -0.700053568 |
| India | -0.689996128 | -0.886630665 |
| Ireland | 0.042263341 | -0.356064174 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | -0.721446982 | -0.478293184 |
| Iraq | -0.912716703 | -0.741140115 |
| Iceland | 0.135225331 | -0.120220522 |
| Israel | 0.860231562 | 0.847086543 |
| Italy | 0.289840135 | -0.036960648 |
| Jamaica | -0.594477606 | -0.921527569 |
| Jordan | -0.865211491 | -0.806750107 |
| Japan | 0.025080027 | -0.322188977 |
| Kazakhstan | -0.755134255 | -0.85244603 |
| Kenya | -0.735702171 | -0.94939506 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | -0.777622418 | -0.752754431 |
| Cambodia | -0.764431142 | -0.635073804 |
| Kiribati | -0.45573789 | -0.981890225 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | -0.717018895 | -0.840700884 |
| Korea, Rep. | 0.110854912 | -0.143441201 |
| Kuwait | -0.848661315 | -0.801336886 |
| Lao PDR | -0.922523775 | -0.735090885 |
| Lebanon | -0.950097865 | -0.760701091 |
| Liberia | -0.009501042 | -0.631063689 |
| Libya | -0.883078754 | -0.773483656 |
| St. Lucia | -0.730593027 | -0.876686539 |
| Liechtenstein | 0.028938677 | -0.374958439 |
| Sri Lanka | -0.907267316 | -0.68877721 |
| Lesotho | -0.791096509 | -0.952409866 |
| Lithuania | 0.366841048 | 0.055897308 |
| Luxembourg | 0.217755766 | -0.033585346 |
| Latvia | 0.286787977 | 0.038071436 |
| Morocco | -0.696306431 | -0.883156465 |
| Monaco | 0.251909889 | -0.030290968 |
| Moldova | 0.070791568 | -0.352216849 |
| Madagascar | -0.777107293 | -0.961938015 |
| Maldives | -0.775682122 | -0.900228853 |
| Mexico | -0.454372407 | -0.884339397 |
| Marshall Islands | 0.118929001 | -0.231785831 |
| North Macedonia | 0.137295911 | -0.071852059 |
| Mali | -0.910156352 | -0.762182111 |
| Malta | 0.049657097 | -0.345805707 |
| Myanmar | -0.547381674 | -0.884045922 |
| Montenegro | 0.202988823 | -0.051341163 |
| Mongolia | -0.806912742 | -0.811142575 |
| Mozambique | -0.749777681 | -0.832195634 |
| Mauritania | -0.895133833 | -0.792513261 |
| Mauritius | -0.682229648 | -0.793466773 |
| Malawi | -0.492889746 | -0.96972881 |
| Malaysia | -0.843529923 | -0.777219756 |
| Namibia | -0.827115172 | -0.851144603 |
| Niger | -0.854395552 | -0.844117798 |
| Nigeria | -0.872870598 | -0.822546556 |
| Nicaragua | -0.726170382 | -0.534008169 |
| Netherlands | 0.229164063 | -0.014787768 |
| Norway | 0.081175623 | -0.061706826 |
| Nepal | -0.737948192 | -0.818981948 |
| Nauru | -0.28213597 | -0.680654061 |
| New Zealand | 0.046513146 | -0.357523967 |
| Oman | -0.982229775 | -0.708954913 |
| Pakistan | -0.768929854 | -0.870020361 |
| Panama | -0.481812936 | -0.901491115 |
| Peru | -0.554259439 | -0.976967924 |
| Philippines | -0.744767765 | -0.937367592 |
| Palau | -0.11231506 | -0.589448487 |
| Papua New Guinea | -0.308262386 | -0.856875403 |
| Poland | 0.289980142 | 0.033061929 |
| Korea, Dem. People's Rep. | -0.987721025 | -0.982258314 |
| Portugal | 0.19091511 | -0.118667243 |
| Paraguay | -0.517094041 | -0.971000148 |
| Qatar | -0.81750304 | -0.776301631 |
| Romania | 0.31254625 | -0.029484133 |
| Russian Federation | -0.908976932 | -0.743782802 |
| Rwanda | -0.702799712 | -0.93398074 |
| Saudi Arabia | -0.917218164 | -0.958761735 |
| Sudan | -0.927133404 | -0.682469596 |
| Senegal | -0.79003729 | -0.843788135 |
| Singapore | -0.665092205 | -0.920025303 |
| Solomon Islands | -0.658799466 | -0.967736141 |
| Sierra Leone | -0.643204139 | -0.809874551 |
| El Salvador | -0.589872438 | -0.871290543 |
| San Marino | 0.051333314 | -0.363852372 |
| Somalia | -0.847953031 | -0.805141195 |
| Serbia | NA | NA |
| South Sudan | -0.270958558 | -0.991276702 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | -0.844737091 | -0.921387991 |
| Suriname | -0.567747174 | -0.894584612 |
| Slovak Republic | 0.298313371 | 0.041942556 |
| Slovenia | 0.171017285 | 0.005356549 |
| Sweden | 0.258893449 | -0.242057343 |
| Eswatini | -0.686753816 | -0.846106907 |
| Seychelles | -0.536104169 | -0.894628933 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | -0.618950263 | -0.457199422 |
| Chad | -0.730550261 | -0.824000103 |
| Togo | -0.69729086 | -0.886526791 |
| Thailand | -0.65822172 | -0.957022876 |
| Tajikistan | -0.861997485 | -0.820283835 |
| Turkmenistan | -0.916507742 | -0.731789002 |
| Timor-Leste | -0.544934603 | -0.950927023 |
| Tonga | -0.451267047 | -0.736019039 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | -0.750180138 | -0.87397553 |
| Tunisia | -0.815788079 | -0.815402286 |
| Turkiye | -0.164503946 | -0.33248833 |
| Tuvalu | -0.46825199 | -0.910482802 |
| Tanzania | -0.69014535 | -0.861846083 |
| Uganda | -0.865869881 | -0.745865263 |
| Ukraine | 0.42094849 | 0.030009723 |
| Uruguay | -0.448007048 | -0.913309021 |
| United States | 1 | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | -0.90668845 | -0.80119327 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.7046167 | -0.867520434 |
| Venezuela, RB | NA | -0.504724435 |
| Viet Nam | -0.815726578 | -0.759412624 |
| Vanuatu | -0.500978243 | -0.928307648 |
| Samoa | -0.42699923 | -0.867218721 |
| Yemen, Rep. | -0.740308001 | -0.811095731 |
| South Africa | -0.807179926 | -0.924333561 |
| Zambia | -0.593845792 | -0.984614262 |
| Zimbabwe | -0.796172203 | -0.790545834 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | -0.472332818 | NA |
Note: IPDs are estimated from all UN Votes 1946-2023.
Source: Bailey et al.(2017) and authors' estimates.
Middle Chart: 2021 IPDs for All Votes and Economic Votes
Make Full Screen| Country | 2021 Economic Votes | 2021 All Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | -0.576775751 | -0.766415732 |
| Angola | -0.582851126 | -0.821726454 |
| Albania | 0.221315134 | -0.02529656 |
| Andorra | -0.620450793 | -0.370967804 |
| United Arab Emirates | -0.583028462 | -0.811333706 |
| Argentina | -0.905586699 | -0.893387249 |
| Armenia | -0.657547517 | -0.716353654 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | -0.605720818 | -0.872436097 |
| Australia | 0.369368136 | 0.180631308 |
| Austria | -0.617423486 | -0.309820478 |
| Azerbaijan | -0.579686755 | -0.732112003 |
| Burundi | -0.533726094 | -0.814779941 |
| Belgium | 0.027041559 | -0.06026648 |
| Benin | NA | -0.853523089 |
| Burkina Faso | -0.593169039 | -0.821556727 |
| Bangladesh | -0.594869479 | -0.785371361 |
| Bulgaria | 0.136495022 | -0.028211072 |
| Bahrain | -0.592073728 | -0.843317873 |
| Bahamas, The | -0.615770094 | -0.931595154 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.235710927 | -0.347188681 |
| Belarus | -0.997794206 | -0.989710393 |
| Belize | -0.617977037 | -0.918896358 |
| Bolivia | -0.442174641 | -0.617100446 |
| Brazil | -0.92964693 | -0.742720195 |
| Barbados | -0.609119708 | -0.972402895 |
| Brunei Darussalam | -0.598657127 | -0.73593598 |
| Bhutan | -0.59393214 | -0.956053732 |
| Botswana | -0.610496404 | -0.948855053 |
| Central African Republic | -0.667313805 | -0.847172071 |
| Canada | 0.046187311 | 0.109509599 |
| Switzerland | -0.48702597 | -0.304392939 |
| Chile | -0.614207381 | -0.955197073 |
| China | -1 | -1 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | -0.873273491 | -0.923474244 |
| Cameroon | -0.78926739 | -0.844181029 |
| Congo, Rep. | -0.581891691 | -0.818008353 |
| Colombia | -0.602306289 | -0.857054525 |
| Comoros | -0.55221768 | -0.699664294 |
| Cabo Verde | -0.597143617 | -0.858705011 |
| Costa Rica | -0.610599924 | -0.941704138 |
| Cuba | -0.433200876 | -0.523217809 |
| Cyprus | -0.537454272 | -0.357231006 |
| Czechia | 0.381752314 | 0.133531074 |
| Germany | 0.202239735 | 0.033601229 |
| Djibouti | -0.677285686 | -0.835508841 |
| Dominica | -0.62988788 | -0.847234403 |
| Denmark | 0.200457121 | 0.022321837 |
| Dominican Republic | -0.599932368 | -0.950965233 |
| Algeria | -0.492645198 | -0.694102121 |
| Ecuador | -0.78630628 | -0.995420236 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | -0.451046121 | -0.680368982 |
| Eritrea | -0.542557565 | -0.660092293 |
| Spain | -0.029830965 | -0.153267565 |
| Estonia | 0.389218378 | 0.045586602 |
| Ethiopia | -0.635883807 | -0.798622393 |
| Finland | -0.281348323 | -0.170856097 |
| Fiji | -0.612898653 | -0.999609023 |
| France | 0.562515099 | 0.281262304 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 0.442301301 | 0.346527209 |
| Gabon | -0.934720547 | -0.985376528 |
| United Kingdom | 0.849495071 | 0.52642859 |
| Georgia | -0.252334684 | -0.254145684 |
| Ghana | -0.595015022 | -0.869142952 |
| Guinea | -0.595157606 | -0.850958703 |
| Gambia, The | -0.590360448 | -0.833761216 |
| Guinea-Bissau | -0.587959726 | -0.856088106 |
| Equatorial Guinea | -0.639940683 | -0.718091145 |
| Greece | -0.123539429 | -0.170976277 |
| Grenada | -0.598125887 | -0.820029291 |
| Guatemala | -0.61159478 | -0.864013844 |
| Guyana | -0.837799838 | -0.990343459 |
| Honduras | -0.600435424 | -0.846467285 |
| Croatia | 0.199541571 | 0.022272315 |
| Haiti | -0.752052382 | -0.88051031 |
| Hungary | 0.139775032 | 0.036952374 |
| Indonesia | -0.564332667 | -0.700053568 |
| India | -0.857771601 | -0.886630665 |
| Ireland | -0.546374759 | -0.356064174 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | -0.385731168 | -0.478293184 |
| Iraq | -0.598104085 | -0.741140115 |
| Iceland | 0.005934456 | -0.120220522 |
| Israel | 0.960383182 | 0.847086543 |
| Italy | 0.028326942 | -0.036960648 |
| Jamaica | -0.601558445 | -0.921527569 |
| Jordan | -0.588507559 | -0.806750107 |
| Japan | -0.389731742 | -0.322188977 |
| Kazakhstan | -0.541762713 | -0.85244603 |
| Kenya | -0.756934382 | -0.94939506 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | -0.771579485 | -0.752754431 |
| Cambodia | -0.471195652 | -0.635073804 |
| Kiribati | -0.591163645 | -0.981890225 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | -0.590388548 | -0.840700884 |
| Korea, Rep. | 0.129328437 | -0.143441201 |
| Kuwait | -0.562602215 | -0.801336886 |
| Lao PDR | -0.57628524 | -0.735090885 |
| Lebanon | -0.514660903 | -0.760701091 |
| Liberia | -0.653378419 | -0.631063689 |
| Libya | -0.607713427 | -0.773483656 |
| St. Lucia | -0.604102861 | -0.876686539 |
| Liechtenstein | -0.62106097 | -0.374958439 |
| Sri Lanka | -0.592705064 | -0.68877721 |
| Lesotho | -0.805985036 | -0.952409866 |
| Lithuania | 0.375275007 | 0.055897308 |
| Luxembourg | 0.212680626 | -0.033585346 |
| Latvia | 0.352742763 | 0.038071436 |
| Morocco | -0.571660703 | -0.883156465 |
| Monaco | 0.192122093 | -0.030290968 |
| Moldova | -0.534956901 | -0.352216849 |
| Madagascar | -0.564380026 | -0.961938015 |
| Maldives | -0.586784904 | -0.900228853 |
| Mexico | -0.614253508 | -0.884339397 |
| Marshall Islands | -0.525332495 | -0.231785831 |
| North Macedonia | -0.001057195 | -0.071852059 |
| Mali | -0.670171691 | -0.762182111 |
| Malta | -0.53749734 | -0.345805707 |
| Myanmar | -0.555745133 | -0.884045922 |
| Montenegro | 0.146111631 | -0.051341163 |
| Mongolia | -0.532740399 | -0.811142575 |
| Mozambique | -0.598154901 | -0.832195634 |
| Mauritania | -0.570817389 | -0.792513261 |
| Mauritius | -0.609741704 | -0.793466773 |
| Malawi | -0.597065722 | -0.96972881 |
| Malaysia | -0.591315126 | -0.777219756 |
| Namibia | -0.605850258 | -0.851144603 |
| Niger | -0.596327784 | -0.844117798 |
| Nigeria | -0.603786912 | -0.822546556 |
| Nicaragua | -0.406083622 | -0.534008169 |
| Netherlands | 0.203701004 | -0.014787768 |
| Norway | 0.152219105 | -0.061706826 |
| Nepal | -0.605688554 | -0.818981948 |
| Nauru | -0.586008115 | -0.680654061 |
| New Zealand | -0.47019562 | -0.357523967 |
| Oman | -0.563241836 | -0.708954913 |
| Pakistan | -0.833013894 | -0.870020361 |
| Panama | -0.7348877 | -0.901491115 |
| Peru | -0.615681066 | -0.976967924 |
| Philippines | -0.8429694 | -0.937367592 |
| Palau | -0.97663791 | -0.589448487 |
| Papua New Guinea | -0.820519523 | -0.856875403 |
| Poland | 0.363696096 | 0.033061929 |
| Korea, Dem. People's Rep. | -0.787093752 | -0.982258314 |
| Portugal | -0.039379122 | -0.118667243 |
| Paraguay | -0.609040492 | -0.971000148 |
| Qatar | -0.572194289 | -0.776301631 |
| Romania | 0.367506612 | -0.029484133 |
| Russian Federation | -0.425862052 | -0.743782802 |
| Rwanda | -0.56817433 | -0.93398074 |
| Saudi Arabia | -0.879881577 | -0.958761735 |
| Sudan | -0.520998304 | -0.682469596 |
| Senegal | -0.595232881 | -0.843788135 |
| Singapore | -0.797100399 | -0.920025303 |
| Solomon Islands | -0.689087391 | -0.967736141 |
| Sierra Leone | -0.608194594 | -0.809874551 |
| El Salvador | -0.6004418 | -0.871290543 |
| San Marino | -0.608807042 | -0.363852372 |
| Somalia | -0.612420501 | -0.805141195 |
| Serbia | NA | NA |
| South Sudan | -0.558323762 | -0.991276702 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | -0.609640417 | -0.921387991 |
| Suriname | -0.563200398 | -0.894584612 |
| Slovak Republic | 0.141005274 | 0.041942556 |
| Slovenia | 0.139293964 | 0.005356549 |
| Sweden | -0.329789224 | -0.242057343 |
| Eswatini | -0.626154119 | -0.846106907 |
| Seychelles | -0.582330694 | -0.894628933 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | -0.368427807 | -0.457199422 |
| Chad | -0.608754554 | -0.824000103 |
| Togo | -0.609653704 | -0.886526791 |
| Thailand | -0.832658094 | -0.957022876 |
| Tajikistan | -0.760620383 | -0.820283835 |
| Turkmenistan | -0.568729407 | -0.731789002 |
| Timor-Leste | -0.601141411 | -0.950927023 |
| Tonga | -0.839487589 | -0.736019039 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | -0.590033121 | -0.87397553 |
| Tunisia | -0.506597122 | -0.815402286 |
| Turkiye | -0.166842028 | -0.33248833 |
| Tuvalu | -0.715789829 | -0.910482802 |
| Tanzania | -0.588252842 | -0.861846083 |
| Uganda | -0.50942252 | -0.745865263 |
| Ukraine | -0.11483837 | 0.030009723 |
| Uruguay | -0.603840327 | -0.913309021 |
| United States | 1 | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | -0.555597356 | -0.80119327 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.604174725 | -0.867520434 |
| Venezuela, RB | -0.406640636 | -0.504724435 |
| Viet Nam | -0.595929381 | -0.759412624 |
| Vanuatu | -0.60593116 | -0.928307648 |
| Samoa | -0.992135838 | -0.867218721 |
| Yemen, Rep. | -0.570484479 | -0.811095731 |
| South Africa | -0.805455295 | -0.924333561 |
| Zambia | -0.60619293 | -0.984614262 |
| Zimbabwe | -0.599378916 | -0.790545834 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | NA | NA |
Note: X-axis estimated with econ. votes from 1971 onward.Y-axis estimated with all votes from all sessions
Source: Bailey et al.(2017) and authors' estimates.
Right Chart: 2021 IPDs for All Votes and Post 1990 Votes
Make Full Screen| Country | 2021 All Votes subset | 2021 All Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | -0.780468916 | -0.766415732 |
| Angola | -0.821341875 | -0.821726454 |
| Albania | -0.006977525 | -0.02529656 |
| Andorra | -0.363369012 | -0.370967804 |
| United Arab Emirates | -0.806006766 | -0.811333706 |
| Argentina | -0.890628005 | -0.893387249 |
| Armenia | -0.709171589 | -0.716353654 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | -0.879022326 | -0.872436097 |
| Australia | 0.193057989 | 0.180631308 |
| Austria | -0.293318316 | -0.309820478 |
| Azerbaijan | -0.728070332 | -0.732112003 |
| Burundi | -0.805748324 | -0.814779941 |
| Belgium | -0.050429667 | -0.06026648 |
| Benin | -0.857164981 | -0.853523089 |
| Burkina Faso | -0.822667496 | -0.821556727 |
| Bangladesh | -0.776995889 | -0.785371361 |
| Bulgaria | -0.013531018 | -0.028211072 |
| Bahrain | -0.845076609 | -0.843317873 |
| Bahamas, The | -0.939517213 | -0.931595154 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.331365123 | -0.347188681 |
| Belarus | -0.999981219 | -0.989710393 |
| Belize | -0.918649931 | -0.918896358 |
| Bolivia | -0.617093048 | -0.617100446 |
| Brazil | -0.738844588 | -0.742720195 |
| Barbados | -0.969177629 | -0.972402895 |
| Brunei Darussalam | -0.733693735 | -0.73593598 |
| Bhutan | -0.958833124 | -0.956053732 |
| Botswana | -0.948116772 | -0.948855053 |
| Central African Republic | -0.863044938 | -0.847172071 |
| Canada | 0.133889871 | 0.109509599 |
| Switzerland | -0.28588952 | -0.304392939 |
| Chile | -0.943588296 | -0.955197073 |
| China | -1 | -1 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | -0.920488586 | -0.923474244 |
| Cameroon | -0.839384656 | -0.844181029 |
| Congo, Rep. | -0.822533048 | -0.818008353 |
| Colombia | -0.85397284 | -0.857054525 |
| Comoros | -0.699777155 | -0.699664294 |
| Cabo Verde | -0.862474928 | -0.858705011 |
| Costa Rica | -0.93504394 | -0.941704138 |
| Cuba | -0.51551239 | -0.523217809 |
| Cyprus | -0.346939371 | -0.357231006 |
| Czechia | 0.151182182 | 0.133531074 |
| Germany | 0.040921631 | 0.033601229 |
| Djibouti | -0.824562612 | -0.835508841 |
| Dominica | -0.852161789 | -0.847234403 |
| Denmark | 0.043412184 | 0.022321837 |
| Dominican Republic | -0.950601549 | -0.950965233 |
| Algeria | -0.697042417 | -0.694102121 |
| Ecuador | -0.993276241 | -0.995420236 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | -0.673837231 | -0.680368982 |
| Eritrea | -0.65839954 | -0.660092293 |
| Spain | -0.136517867 | -0.153267565 |
| Estonia | 0.051732075 | 0.045586602 |
| Ethiopia | -0.793620542 | -0.798622393 |
| Finland | -0.15761425 | -0.170856097 |
| Fiji | -0.99456985 | -0.999609023 |
| France | 0.309222889 | 0.281262304 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 0.35937516 | 0.346527209 |
| Gabon | -0.984398456 | -0.985376528 |
| United Kingdom | 0.545306 | 0.52642859 |
| Georgia | -0.247370037 | -0.254145684 |
| Ghana | -0.878397079 | -0.869142952 |
| Guinea | -0.848790545 | -0.850958703 |
| Gambia, The | -0.845518036 | -0.833761216 |
| Guinea-Bissau | -0.85604229 | -0.856088106 |
| Equatorial Guinea | -0.723499497 | -0.718091145 |
| Greece | -0.162918519 | -0.170976277 |
| Grenada | -0.827646765 | -0.820029291 |
| Guatemala | -0.855271661 | -0.864013844 |
| Guyana | -0.991720603 | -0.990343459 |
| Honduras | -0.839381408 | -0.846467285 |
| Croatia | 0.04250135 | 0.022272315 |
| Haiti | -0.881334396 | -0.88051031 |
| Hungary | 0.042534625 | 0.036952374 |
| Indonesia | -0.694051751 | -0.700053568 |
| India | -0.881379458 | -0.886630665 |
| Ireland | -0.3412781 | -0.356064174 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | -0.471688886 | -0.478293184 |
| Iraq | -0.736285674 | -0.741140115 |
| Iceland | -0.105570376 | -0.120220522 |
| Israel | 0.845149187 | 0.847086543 |
| Italy | -0.021867829 | -0.036960648 |
| Jamaica | -0.922289268 | -0.921527569 |
| Jordan | -0.813709618 | -0.806750107 |
| Japan | -0.307720661 | -0.322188977 |
| Kazakhstan | -0.857120728 | -0.85244603 |
| Kenya | -0.935039863 | -0.94939506 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | -0.748385833 | -0.752754431 |
| Cambodia | -0.637365191 | -0.635073804 |
| Kiribati | -0.973712088 | -0.981890225 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | -0.853043528 | -0.840700884 |
| Korea, Rep. | -0.131561576 | -0.143441201 |
| Kuwait | -0.804544996 | -0.801336886 |
| Lao PDR | -0.735328622 | -0.735090885 |
| Lebanon | -0.74781387 | -0.760701091 |
| Liberia | -0.625947243 | -0.631063689 |
| Libya | -0.773163906 | -0.773483656 |
| St. Lucia | -0.882679328 | -0.876686539 |
| Liechtenstein | -0.358511137 | -0.374958439 |
| Sri Lanka | -0.689665464 | -0.68877721 |
| Lesotho | -0.95056734 | -0.952409866 |
| Lithuania | 0.068943737 | 0.055897308 |
| Luxembourg | -0.013438525 | -0.033585346 |
| Latvia | 0.054597677 | 0.038071436 |
| Morocco | -0.876021977 | -0.883156465 |
| Monaco | -0.00973033 | -0.030290968 |
| Moldova | -0.344257571 | -0.352216849 |
| Madagascar | -0.955402801 | -0.961938015 |
| Maldives | -0.899498148 | -0.900228853 |
| Mexico | -0.881893586 | -0.884339397 |
| Marshall Islands | -0.22268728 | -0.231785831 |
| North Macedonia | -0.051857674 | -0.071852059 |
| Mali | -0.767610897 | -0.762182111 |
| Malta | -0.340022502 | -0.345805707 |
| Myanmar | -0.87334172 | -0.884045922 |
| Montenegro | -0.035516804 | -0.051341163 |
| Mongolia | -0.813507271 | -0.811142575 |
| Mozambique | -0.829422618 | -0.832195634 |
| Mauritania | -0.787902461 | -0.792513261 |
| Mauritius | -0.796937501 | -0.793466773 |
| Malawi | -0.969601491 | -0.96972881 |
| Malaysia | -0.771892456 | -0.777219756 |
| Namibia | -0.849182418 | -0.851144603 |
| Niger | -0.845103113 | -0.844117798 |
| Nigeria | -0.819782235 | -0.822546556 |
| Nicaragua | -0.533483199 | -0.534008169 |
| Netherlands | 0.002015199 | -0.014787768 |
| Norway | -0.059952536 | -0.061706826 |
| Nepal | -0.822342498 | -0.818981948 |
| Nauru | -0.670410608 | -0.680654061 |
| New Zealand | -0.348105746 | -0.357523967 |
| Oman | -0.707107466 | -0.708954913 |
| Pakistan | -0.860306233 | -0.870020361 |
| Panama | -0.902391131 | -0.901491115 |
| Peru | -0.975146337 | -0.976967924 |
| Philippines | -0.939159911 | -0.937367592 |
| Palau | -0.579958075 | -0.589448487 |
| Papua New Guinea | -0.847916577 | -0.856875403 |
| Poland | 0.051497458 | 0.033061929 |
| Korea, Dem. People's Rep. | -0.978813887 | -0.982258314 |
| Portugal | -0.100970523 | -0.118667243 |
| Paraguay | -0.984077821 | -0.971000148 |
| Qatar | -0.78077458 | -0.776301631 |
| Romania | -0.005353251 | -0.029484133 |
| Russian Federation | -0.744769521 | -0.743782802 |
| Rwanda | -0.92980639 | -0.93398074 |
| Saudi Arabia | -0.963117246 | -0.958761735 |
| Sudan | -0.673952231 | -0.682469596 |
| Senegal | -0.84650968 | -0.843788135 |
| Singapore | -0.924577219 | -0.920025303 |
| Solomon Islands | -0.979929762 | -0.967736141 |
| Sierra Leone | -0.824213318 | -0.809874551 |
| El Salvador | -0.875152073 | -0.871290543 |
| San Marino | -0.354677569 | -0.363852372 |
| Somalia | -0.807593128 | -0.805141195 |
| Serbia | NA | NA |
| South Sudan | -0.98972182 | -0.991276702 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | -0.91162156 | -0.921387991 |
| Suriname | -0.880184952 | -0.894584612 |
| Slovak Republic | 0.057740196 | 0.041942556 |
| Slovenia | 0.02474488 | 0.005356549 |
| Sweden | -0.226207104 | -0.242057343 |
| Eswatini | -0.854045673 | -0.846106907 |
| Seychelles | -0.898173768 | -0.894628933 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | -0.452072037 | -0.457199422 |
| Chad | -0.821684436 | -0.824000103 |
| Togo | -0.887597776 | -0.886526791 |
| Thailand | -0.952674011 | -0.957022876 |
| Tajikistan | -0.827639425 | -0.820283835 |
| Turkmenistan | -0.726317841 | -0.731789002 |
| Timor-Leste | -0.955713663 | -0.950927023 |
| Tonga | -0.730862749 | -0.736019039 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | -0.870289435 | -0.87397553 |
| Tunisia | -0.812442316 | -0.815402286 |
| Turkiye | -0.32822644 | -0.33248833 |
| Tuvalu | -0.89855824 | -0.910482802 |
| Tanzania | -0.856320485 | -0.861846083 |
| Uganda | -0.744637365 | -0.745865263 |
| Ukraine | 0.046340953 | 0.030009723 |
| Uruguay | -0.912378046 | -0.913309021 |
| United States | 1 | 1 |
| Uzbekistan | -0.795212397 | -0.80119327 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.865963122 | -0.867520434 |
| Venezuela, RB | -0.502863644 | -0.504724435 |
| Viet Nam | -0.769120139 | -0.759412624 |
| Vanuatu | -0.918471779 | -0.928307648 |
| Samoa | -0.851621568 | -0.867218721 |
| Yemen, Rep. | -0.817258581 | -0.811095731 |
| South Africa | -0.918441938 | -0.924333561 |
| Zambia | -0.978262826 | -0.984614262 |
| Zimbabwe | -0.785570505 | -0.790545834 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | NA | NA |
Note: X-axis estimated with all votes from 1991 onward. Y-axis estimated with all votes from all sessions.
Source: Bailey et al.(2017) and authors' estimates.
Last Update:
March 21, 2025