Accessible Version

The Sectoral Evolution of China's Trade, Accessible Data

Figure 1. Evolution of Export Similarity Index between China and selected AEs

Left Chart: Export Similarity Index between China and Selected AEs
Percent

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China
2010 46.71216069 38.68499693 46.16476687 45.23277515
2011 47.52702518 37.50212924 45.55482175 45.71775811
2012 46.54212054 37.37440872 45.06453714 44.83887186
2013 46.33463102 35.09542253 44.68800679 44.70446473
2014 47.39888255 38.6798264 45.4505836 44.32830706
2015 47.33926398 38.43454329 46.24741106 44.41976246
2016 48.88781065 40.63740258 46.79958628 44.1517372
2017 49.53060043 40.19066411 46.39368537 44.60889065
2018 50.43240968 39.96603598 45.95555874 45.33576636
2019 51.18301883 41.24415646 46.09509785 46.22534062
2020 51.53907748 41.93527439 46.13250251 46.2238731
2021 52.93624961 39.94439453 46.34491038 47.56288719
2022 53.81991853 39.0099504 46.09234793 49.52929318
2023 56.32706251 42.01878298 49.33740573 51.14036476

Right Chart: Change in Sectoral ESI between 2010 and 2023
Percent

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Country-Pair Sectors 0-4, 9 Sector 5: Chemicals and Related Products Sector 6: Manufactured Goods Sector 7: Machinery and Transport Equipment Sector 8: Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles Total
Japan-China 2.730441478 1.61224277 -0.34174333 2.111227777 -0.204579081 5.907589614
Euro area-China 2.452949348 1.515298509 -0.676404572 4.6658947 1.657163833 9.614901818
United States-China 2.096631538 1.169247684 -0.980149197 1.086909599 -0.200000758 3.172638866
United Kindom-China 1.987989253 1.132156629 -0.959320542 1.558865896 -0.385905186 3.333786051

Note: Data are the 3-digit level.

Source: UN Comtrade.

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Figure 2. Evolution of Partner Similarity Index between AE's exports and China's imports

Left Chart: Partner Similarity Index between AEs Exports and China's Imports
Percent

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China
2010 47.81747987 46.14192253 55.03065586 52.14696365
2011 48.73009164 46.29222496 55.33579705 51.82187139
2012 47.42378522 47.22709521 54.71712577 49.76683345
2013 46.64941752 45.42582825 54.64570888 49.66795844
2014 48.80349676 46.83565779 56.42510299 50.13995281
2015 45.84115046 47.80495349 54.14712021 47.48003546
2016 47.29004894 48.39842655 55.8580993 48.28703137
2017 47.07528665 47.51927602 55.74658927 47.58496997
2018 45.90685189 47.7028047 55.36858434 45.95161879
2019 45.5363299 46.34722204 57.03142108 45.19038946
2020 46.33712395 43.80648113 58.55044915 46.4462455
2021 43.91598098 43.07369925 59.0167892 44.12690867
2022 40.8030544 43.00008195 58.14235409 41.28730518
2023 40.46855019 42.03111098 55.96726883 40.34653438

Right Chart: Change in Sectoral PSI between 2010 and 2023 (Chinese Imports)
Percent

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Country-Pair Sectors 0-4, 9 Sector 5: Chemicals and Related Products Sector 6: Manufactured Goods Sector 7: Machinery and Transport Equipment Sector 8: Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles Total
Japan-China 1.154545896 -0.868739231 -1.746747182 -9.71220905 -0.627279698 -11.80042927
Euro area-China 0.96298134 -0.202316016 -2.382457834 -6.648892153 0.921754983 -7.34892968
United States-China 1.169247684 0.217771145 -1.511828192 -7.697894304 0.293063284 0.936612971
United Kindom-China 9.635501039 0.408087284 -1.797775374 -4.75740835 0.517096714 -4.110811549

Note: Data are the 3-digit level.

Source: UN Comtrade.

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Figure 3. Evolution of Partner Similarity Index between China's exports and AE's imports

Left Chart: Partner Similarity Index between China's Exports and AEs Imports
Percent

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China
2010 57.98346626 50.23801749 57.48381995 48.20382304
2011 55.88947545 49.13733076 56.02031807 46.08694461
2012 54.01206733 45.98589976 56.24955477 45.3199861
2013 54.28947723 49.32114588 56.87791301 46.37137611
2014 56.50216287 50.90631996 58.1228832 48.00714904
2015 58.54270357 52.41299725 61.19540532 53.74452353
2016 60.52273864 50.78875894 62.30637409 55.82216978
2017 61.21099427 51.95752734 62.44604127 54.68254387
2018 60.50213464 53.26432985 62.27754228 53.33915359
2019 60.84909228 51.92826293 61.94881419 54.71764426
2020 61.73288657 51.97414231 63.12831794 57.03816951
2021 61.83333802 53.76114532 65.20303297 54.76950634
2022 59.95326984 52.55732272 65.56132297 51.64475832
2023 63.30870882 54.33099764 65.61898812 54.32543578

Right Chart: Change in Sectoral PSI between 2010 and 2023 (Chinese Exports)
Percent

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Country-Pair Sectors 0-4, 9 Sector 5: Chemicals and Related Products Sector 6: Manufactured Goods Sector 7: Machinery and Transport Equipment Sector 8: Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles Total
Japan-China 1.492966173 1.294288562 0.076238022 5.246553058 -1.988433078 6.121612736
Euro area-China 1.99853202 1.110863188 -0.034429473 2.862245989 -0.611969155 5.325242568
United States-China 2.152170412 0.584516069 0.345256825 5.895308059 -0.842083199 8.135168165
United Kindom-China 2.104990681 0.934757722 -0.128505943 3.067878803 -1.886141108 4.092980155

Note: Data are the 3-digit level.

Source: UN Comtrade.

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Figure 4. Evolution of ESI and PSI where China's values are fixed to their 2012 levels

Left Chart: Export Similarity Index between China Fixed to 2012 and Selected AEs
Percent

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China Euro area-China (Fixed) United Kindom-China (Fixed) United States-China (Fixed) Japan-China (Fixed)
2010 46.71216069 38.68499693 46.16476687 45.23277515 47.77707648 39.77442985 46.8238137 45.2595295
2011 47.52702518 37.50212924 45.55482175 45.71775811 47.25051794 37.37438791 45.1059052 45.05546976
2012 46.54212054 37.37440872 45.06453714 44.83887186 46.54212054 37.37440872 45.06453714 44.83887186
2013 46.33463102 35.09542253 44.68800679 44.70446473 46.42018859 35.17788145 44.95958847 44.44669278
2014 47.39888255 38.6798264 45.4505836 44.32830706 46.68364987 38.23312911 45.03011919 44.57923835
2015 47.33926398 38.43454329 46.24741106 44.41976246 46.72133092 38.5502215 46.17633427 44.39914113
2016 48.88781065 40.63740258 46.79958628 44.1517372 47.15653581 39.83241275 45.81112871 43.82030612
2017 49.53060043 40.19066411 46.39368537 44.60889065 47.23473678 38.9596479 44.85622244 43.35518964
2018 50.43240968 39.96603598 45.95555874 45.33576636 47.38631416 37.87501222 43.69496025 42.67891024
2019 51.18301883 41.24415646 46.09509785 46.22534062 47.36743417 38.88354546 43.02750456 42.54218826
2020 51.53907748 41.93527439 46.13250251 46.2238731 47.89147944 39.42492094 43.41222074 42.41150135
2021 52.93624961 39.94439453 46.34491038 47.56288719 47.69090235 35.83070013 41.99724165 41.75151814
2022 53.81991853 39.0099504 46.09234793 49.52929318 46.9478211 33.39283616 40.27324044 41.22544938
2023 56.32706251 42.01878298 49.33740573 51.14036476 46.85682975 34.16739963 41.19461169 40.80023141

Center Chart: Partner Similarity Index between Chinese Exports fixed to 2012 and AE Imports
Percent

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China Euro area-China (Fixed) United Kindom-China (Fixed) United States-China (Fixed) Japan-China (Fixed)
2010 57.98346626 50.23801749 57.48381995 48.20382304 57.8833633 50.35606329 57.29003396 47.83134946
2011 55.88947545 49.13733076 56.02031807 46.08694461 55.1700639 48.70165811 55.43152685 45.26020197
2012 54.01206733 45.98589976 56.24955477 45.3199861 54.01206733 45.98589976 56.24955477 45.3199861
2013 54.28947723 49.32114588 56.87791301 46.37137611 54.40166711 49.40674199 57.06131429 46.57264367
2014 56.50216287 50.90631996 58.1228832 48.00714904 55.9894084 50.48676128 57.76144721 47.80912995
2015 58.54270357 52.41299725 61.19540532 53.74452353 58.06165774 51.8638584 61.01003471 53.65336314
2016 60.52273864 50.78875894 62.30637409 55.82216978 58.9366746 49.57848022 60.9634116 54.67609656
2017 61.21099427 51.95752734 62.44604127 54.68254387 59.13278786 50.44069756 60.88144206 53.08027749
2018 60.50213464 53.26432985 62.27754228 53.33915359 57.92572231 51.3413697 60.1637991 51.08752177
2019 60.84909228 51.92826293 61.94881419 54.71764426 57.81675471 49.47144266 59.27820282 52.31537439
2020 61.73288657 51.97414231 63.12831794 57.03816951 59.1540241 49.48077389 61.65631575 55.30385749
2021 61.83333802 53.76114532 65.20303297 54.76950634 57.6679197 49.93780572 61.94057903 51.41084959
2022 59.95326984 52.55732272 65.56132297 51.64475832 54.08779263 47.53646621 61.3408154 46.97561562
2023 63.30870882 54.33099764 65.61898812 54.32543578 54.66602995 46.91349504 58.62047763 48.72349622

Right Chart: Partner Similarity Index between Chinese Imports Fixed to 2012 and AE Exports
Percent

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China Euro area-China (Fixed) United Kindom-China (Fixed) United States-China (Fixed) Japan-China (Fixed)
2010 47.81747987 46.14192253 55.03065586 52.14696365 47.95757773 48.415437 56.27063716 50.80200373
2011 48.73009164 46.29222496 55.33579705 51.82187139 47.77434645 46.81021346 55.52822417 50.23332515
2012 47.42378522 47.22709521 54.71712577 49.76683345 47.42378522 47.22709521 54.71712577 49.76683345
2013 46.64941752 45.42582825 54.64570888 49.66795844 47.31144819 44.24559338 54.05868514 49.99353822
2014 48.80349676 46.83565779 56.42510299 50.13995281 47.18949876 45.70409325 54.47946565 50.17506662
2015 45.84115046 47.80495349 54.14712021 47.48003546 46.71894444 43.52499799 54.15781696 49.94058108
2016 47.29004894 48.39842655 55.8580993 48.28703137 46.6111154 43.64009428 54.49397328 48.6659301
2017 47.07528665 47.51927602 55.74658927 47.58496997 46.45058795 44.91832927 55.40037992 48.63405481
2018 45.90685189 47.7028047 55.36858434 45.95161879 46.83226956 46.04513902 55.92034685 48.33275138
2019 45.5363299 46.34722204 57.03142108 45.19038946 46.05237542 44.99339192 56.74083868 48.16656984
2020 46.33712395 43.80648113 58.55044915 46.4462455 46.2328524 44.39516496 57.65478614 48.23068586
2021 43.91598098 43.07369925 59.0167892 44.12690867 46.74173556 44.31841583 57.40009973 48.29726333
2022 40.8030544 43.00008195 58.14235409 41.28730518 46.57968614 43.88463868 57.93575139 48.59977461
2023 40.46855019 42.03111098 55.96726883 40.34653438 45.57585907 42.76603068 57.5848739 47.41349442

Note: Data are the 3-digit level.

Source: UN Comtrade.

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Figure 5. Evolution of Euclidean Similarity

Left Chart: Euclidean Similarity between China and Selected AEs
Euclidean similarity

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China
2010 0.828851392 0.800481881 0.838718674 0.80770233
2011 0.835000358 0.785524527 0.841051636 0.817794498
2012 0.830055413 0.795743447 0.833208454 0.807832874
2013 0.827960466 0.763184052 0.828713745 0.802819384
2014 0.830032523 0.801516038 0.830171841 0.801742553
2015 0.823058466 0.797436429 0.827317854 0.793292928
2016 0.826556892 0.802861887 0.826959854 0.788197046
2017 0.830100512 0.801933585 0.828303948 0.79079475
2018 0.833564623 0.797569095 0.825628259 0.791340369
2019 0.83811496 0.8075221 0.829550807 0.793218249
2020 0.837868302 0.811188892 0.843338906 0.798822549
2021 0.849101523 0.802417194 0.848689833 0.814232021
2022 0.856193308 0.787255716 0.845013055 0.823239077
2023 0.864666057 0.796102918 0.85211861 0.813167531

Center Chart: Euclidean Similarity between China's Exports and AEs Imports
Euclidean similarity

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China
2010 0.854208156 0.831594158 0.822206187 0.797385338
2011 0.847164379 0.832733947 0.812482474 0.784503185
2012 0.838639582 0.81352988 0.819359163 0.77496045
2013 0.842015858 0.842819706 0.830323025 0.774604287
2014 0.855071514 0.848163377 0.843530536 0.785298487
2015 0.868308241 0.84874336 0.865850974 0.85265751
2016 0.872428369 0.828182495 0.868852605 0.857973156
2017 0.871680593 0.843938923 0.867620355 0.848619574
2018 0.866377462 0.851027628 0.866109832 0.836621079
2019 0.86907282 0.827046819 0.868144418 0.845187653
2020 0.876361066 0.807286479 0.878710105 0.870520891
2021 0.879873643 0.845136846 0.888234803 0.860219489
2022 0.864473793 0.846474578 0.890280614 0.826608606
2023 0.884590334 0.859186775 0.891915126 0.842166306

Right Chart: Euclidean Similarity between AEs Exports and China's Imports
Euclidean similarity

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China
2010 0.806033908 0.806871657 0.82238134 0.812687997
2011 0.809031682 0.801022375 0.821154426 0.814722781
2012 0.800891689 0.814113384 0.813385536 0.801811237
2013 0.796992638 0.765773416 0.813061885 0.799152435
2014 0.803153894 0.803700047 0.816598195 0.804757882
2015 0.79458848 0.798092927 0.801127308 0.796216574
2016 0.7968968 0.792072124 0.803107983 0.79524816
2017 0.797935993 0.79430368 0.804950362 0.794012401
2018 0.785778265 0.790787594 0.796801698 0.779503117
2019 0.782751954 0.786472079 0.800132055 0.773120366
2020 0.779472673 0.770305415 0.806508061 0.782312878
2021 0.778370136 0.764552717 0.808575082 0.781628507
2022 0.764672185 0.755646732 0.804079532 0.765053758
2023 0.773904901 0.764904208 0.809454271 0.752873322

Note: Data are the 3-digit level.

Source: UN Comtrade.

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Figure 6. Evolution of Chinese Import Share in Selected AEs

Share of total imports coming from China

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Period Euro area-China United Kindom-China United States-China Japan-China
2010 0.138176364 0.212746902 0.132457646 0.214185414
2011 0.127219336 0.081649076 0.184635448 0.24488521
2012 0.125084062 0.190341476 0.210168844 0.093400321
2013 0.122306129 0.217216618 0.134280309 0.218588045
2014 0.132672482 0.087623084 0.170680341 0.232078424
2015 0.140045201 0.197330782 0.223553939 0.09437582
2016 0.143916884 0.223217881 0.125333286 0.215668267
2017 0.143522938 0.092385365 0.141398599 0.234781758
2018 0.140058763 0.20171107 0.220735123 0.094628274
2019 0.140704198 0.256662091 0.098361931 0.184018052
2020 0.155172772 0.099927819 0.19457025 0.25786899
2021 0.155943517 0.217870997 0.214971227 0.119019116
2022 0.161952678 0.257944275 0.092027787 0.190058918
2023 0.14810186 0.093618612 0.184368593 0.240412015

Source: UN Comtrade.

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Last Update: February 28, 2025