Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices
Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices at Selected Branches and Agencies of Foreign Banks in the United States1
(Status of policy as of April 2017)
Questions 1-6 ask about commercial and industrial (C&I) loans at your bank. Questions 1-3 deal with changes in your bank's lending policies over the past three months. Questions 4-5 deal with changes in demand for C&I loans over the past three months. Question 6 asks about changes in prospective demand for C&I loans at your bank, as indicated by the volume of recent inquiries about the availability of new credit lines or increases in existing lines. If your bank's lending policies have not changed over the past three months, please report them as unchanged even if the policies are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's policies have tightened or eased over the past three months, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing policies as changes in policies.
1. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for C&I loans or credit lines—other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions—changed?
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 2 | 10.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 18 | 90.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
2. For applications for C&I loans or credit lines—other than those to be used to finance mergers and acquisitions—that your bank currently is willing to approve, how have the terms of those loans changed over the past three months?
a. Maximum size of credit lines
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 5.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 19 | 95.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
b. Maximum maturity of loans or credit lines
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 5.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 19 | 95.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
c. Costs of credit lines
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 5.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 17 | 85.0 |
Eased somewhat | 2 | 10.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
d. Spreads of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 15 | 75.0 |
Eased somewhat | 5 | 25.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
e. Premiums charged on riskier loans
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 17 | 85.0 |
Eased somewhat | 3 | 15.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
f. Loan covenants
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 5.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 19 | 95.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
g. Collateralization requirements
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 2 | 10.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 18 | 90.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
h. Use of interest rate floors (more use=tightened, less use=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 18 | 94.7 |
Eased somewhat | 1 | 5.3 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 19 | 100.0 |
3. If your bank has tightened or eased its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months (as described in questions 1 and 2), how important have been the following possible reasons for the change?
A. Possible reasons for tightening credit standards or loan terms:
a. Deterioration in your bank's current or expected capital position
b. Less favorable or more uncertain economic outlook
c. Worsening of industry-specific problems (please specify industries)
d. Less aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
e. Reduced tolerance for risk
f. Decreased liquidity in the secondary market for these loans
g. Deterioration in your bank's current or expected liquidity position
h. Increased concerns about the effects of legislative changes, supervisory actions, or accounting standards
B. Possible reasons for easing credit standards or loan terms:
a. Improvement in your bank's current or expected capital position
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 5 | 100.0 |
Somewhat important | 0 | 0.0 |
Very important | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
b. More favorable or less uncertain economic outlook
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 3 | 60.0 |
Somewhat important | 2 | 40.0 |
Very important | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
c. Improvement in industry-specific problems (please specify industries)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 4 | 80.0 |
Somewhat important | 1 | 20.0 |
Very important | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
d. More aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank lenders (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 1 | 20.0 |
Somewhat important | 2 | 40.0 |
Very important | 2 | 40.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
e. Increased tolerance for risk
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 4 | 80.0 |
Somewhat important | 1 | 20.0 |
Very important | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
f. Increased liquidity in the secondary market for these loans
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 3 | 60.0 |
Somewhat important | 2 | 40.0 |
Very important | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
g. Improvement in your bank's current or expected liquidity position
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 4 | 80.0 |
Somewhat important | 1 | 20.0 |
Very important | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
h. Reduced concerns about the effects of legislative changes, supervisory actions, or accounting standards
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Not important | 4 | 80.0 |
Somewhat important | 1 | 20.0 |
Very important | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 5 | 100.0 |
4. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for C&I loans changed over the past three months? (Please consider only funds actually disbursed as opposed to requests for new or increased lines of credit.)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Substantially stronger | 0 | 0.0 |
Moderately stronger | 0 | 0.0 |
About the same | 19 | 95.0 |
Moderately weaker | 1 | 5.0 |
Substantially weaker | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
5. If demand for C&I loans has strengthened or weakened over the past three months (as described in question 4), how important have been the following possible reasons for the change?
A. If stronger loan demand (answer 1 or 2 to question 4), possible reasons:
a. Customer inventory financing needs increased
b. Customer accounts receivable financing needs increased
c. Customer investment in plant or equipment increased
d. Customer internally generated funds decreased
e. Customer merger or acquisition financing needs increased
f. Customer borrowing shifted to your bank from other bank or nonbank sources because these other sources became less attractive
g. Customer precautionary demand for cash and liquidity increased
B. If weaker loan demand (answer 4 or 5 to question 4), possible reasons:
a. Customer inventory financing needs decreased
b. Customer accounts receivable financing needs decreased
c. Customer investment in plant or equipment decreased
d. Customer internally generated funds increased
e. Customer merger or acquisition financing needs decreased
f. Customer borrowing shifted from your bank to other bank or nonbank sources because these other sources became more attractive
g. Customer precautionary demand for cash and liquidity decreased
6. At your bank, apart from normal seasonal variation, how has the number of inquiries from potential business borrowers regarding the availability and terms of new credit lines or increases in existing lines changed over the past three months? (Please consider only inquiries for additional or increased C&I lines as opposed to the refinancing of existing loans.)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
The number of inquiries has increased substantially | 0 | 0.0 |
The number of inquiries has increased moderately | 1 | 5.0 |
The number of inquiries has stayed about the same | 18 | 90.0 |
The number of inquiries has decreased moderately | 1 | 5.0 |
The number of inquiries has decreased substantially | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 20 | 100.0 |
Questions 7-8 ask about commercial real estate (CRE) loans at your bank, including construction and land development loans and loans secured by nonfarm nonresidential real estate. Question 7 deals with changes in your bank's standards over the past three months. Question 8 deals with changes in demand. If your bank's lending standards or terms have not changed over the relevant period, please report them as unchanged even if they are either restrictive or accommodative relative to longer-term norms. If your bank's standards or terms have tightened or eased over the relevant period, please so report them regardless of how they stand relative to longer-term norms. Also, please report changes in enforcement of existing standards as changes in standards.
7. Over the past three months, how have your bank's credit standards for approving applications for CRE loans changed?
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 8.3 |
Remained basically unchanged | 10 | 83.3 |
Eased somewhat | 1 | 8.3 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 12 | 100.0 |
8. Apart from normal seasonal variation, how has demand for CRE loans changed over the past three months?
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Substantially stronger | 1 | 8.3 |
Moderately stronger | 1 | 8.3 |
About the same | 9 | 75.0 |
Moderately weaker | 1 | 8.3 |
Substantially weaker | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 12 | 100.0 |
9. Over the past year, how has your bank changed the following policies on construction and land development loans? (Please assign each policy a number between 1 and 5 using the following scale: 1=tightened considerably, 2=tightened somewhat, 3=remained basically unchanged, 4=eased somewhat, 5=eased considerably.)
a. Maximum loan size
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 11.1 |
Remained basically unchanged | 8 | 88.9 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
b. Maximum loan maturity
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 9 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
c. Spread of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 11.1 |
Remained basically unchanged | 8 | 88.9 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
d. Loan-to-value ratios (lower ratios=tightened, higher ratios=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 9 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
e. Debt service coverage ratios (higher ratios=tightened, lower ratios=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 9 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
f. Market areas served (reduced market areas=tightened, expanded market areas=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 11.1 |
Remained basically unchanged | 8 | 88.9 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
g. Length of interest-only payment period (shorter interest-only periods=tightened, longer interest-only periods=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 9 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
10. Over the past year, how has your bank changed the following policies on loans secured by nonfarm-nonresidential properties? (Please assign each policy a number between 1 and 5 using the following scale: 1=tightened considerably, 2=tightened somewhat, 3=remained basically unchanged, 4=eased somewhat, 5=eased considerably.)
a. Maximum loan size
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 8 | 80.0 |
Eased somewhat | 2 | 20.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 10 | 100.0 |
b. Maximum loan maturity
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 10 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 10 | 100.0 |
c. Spread of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 2 | 20.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 8 | 80.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 10 | 100.0 |
d. Loan-to-value ratios (lower ratios=tightened, higher ratios=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 1 | 10.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 9 | 90.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 10 | 100.0 |
e. Debt service coverage ratios (higher ratios=tightened, lower ratios=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 10 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 10 | 100.0 |
f. Market areas served (reduced market areas=tightened, expanded market areas=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 9 | 90.0 |
Eased somewhat | 1 | 10.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 10 | 100.0 |
g. Length of interest-only payment period (shorter interest-only periods=tightened, longer interest-only periods=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 9 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 9 | 100.0 |
11. Over the past year, how has your bank changed the following policies on loans secured by multifamily residential properties? (Please assign each policy a number between 1 and 5 using the following scale: 1=tightened considerably, 2=tightened somewhat, 3=remained basically unchanged, 4=eased somewhat, 5=eased considerably.)
a. Maximum loan size
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 6 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 6 | 100.0 |
b. Maximum loan maturity
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 7 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 7 | 100.0 |
c. Spread of loan rates over your bank's cost of funds (wider spreads=tightened, narrower spreads=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 7 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 7 | 100.0 |
d. Loan-to-value ratios (lower ratios=tightened, higher ratios=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 7 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 7 | 100.0 |
e. Debt service coverage ratios (higher ratios=tightened, lower ratios=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 7 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 7 | 100.0 |
f. Market areas served (reduced market areas=tightened, expanded market areas=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 7 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 7 | 100.0 |
g. Length of interest-only payment period (shorter interest-only periods=tightened, longer interest-only periods=eased)
All Respondents | ||
---|---|---|
Banks | Percent | |
Tightened considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Tightened somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Remained basically unchanged | 7 | 100.0 |
Eased somewhat | 0 | 0.0 |
Eased considerably | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 7 | 100.0 |
12. If your bank has tightened or eased its credit policies for CRE loans over the past year (as described in questions 9-11 above), how important have been the following possible reasons for the change? (Please respond to either A, B, or both as appropriate and rate each possible reason using the following scale: 1=not important, 2=somewhat important, 3=very important.)
A. Possible reasons for tightening credit policies on CRE loans over the past year (where tightening corresponds to answers 1 or 2 in questions 9-11 above):
a. Less favorable or more uncertain outlook for CRE property prices
b. Less favorable or more uncertain outlook for vacancy rates or other fundamentals on CRE properties
c. Less favorable or more uncertain capitalization rates (the ratio of current net operating income to the original sale price or current market value) on CRE properties
d. Less aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank financial institutions (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
e. Reduced tolerance for risk
f. Decreased ability to securitize CRE loans
g. Increased concerns about my bank's capital adequacy or liquidity position
h. Increased concerns about the effects of regulatory changes or supervisory actions
B. Possible reasons for easing credit policies on CRE loans over the past year (where easing corresponds to answers 4 or 5 in questions 9-11 above):
a. More favorable or less uncertain outlook for CRE property prices
b. More favorable or less uncertain outlook for vacancy rates or other fundamentals on CRE properties
c. More favorable or less uncertain capitalization rates (the ratio of current net operating income to the original sale price or current market value) on CRE properties
d. More aggressive competition from other banks or nonbank financial institutions (other financial intermediaries or the capital markets)
e. Increased tolerance for risk
f. Increased ability to securitize CRE loans
g. Reduced concerns about my bank's capital adequacy or liquidity position
h. Reduced concerns about the effects of regulatory changes or supervisory actions
1. As of December 31, 2016, the 20 respondents had combined assets of $1.0 trillion, compared to $2.2 trillion for all foreign-related banking institutions in the United States. The sample is selected from among the largest foreign-related banking institutions in those Federal Reserve Districts where such institutions are common. Return to text
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